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a neutral or positive expression used instead of one with a negative association.
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used to produce a negative effect on a listener or reader's attitude toward something. (opposite of euphemism)
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used to express or influence attitudes via comparisons.
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smuggle prejudice of one sort or the other into the meaning of a term.
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slanting device clothed as explanations.
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a thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence.
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a form of suggestion which implies something (usually negative). Ex:"I didn't say the meat was tough. I said I didn't see the horse that is usually outside."
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rests on one or more unwarrented/unjustified assumptions. Ex:"Have you stopped beating your wife?"
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when inserted into a claim, they help protect it from criticism by watering it down somewhat, weakening it, giving the claims auther a way out in case the claim is challenged. Ex: "Three out of four dentists "surveyed" recommend sugarless gum "for their patients who chew gum""
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makes someone or something look less important. Oftentimes uses words or phrases such as "mere" or "Just another"
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includes the use of ridicule of all kinds. unrelated jokes, use sarcastic language, or flat out laugh at an opposing person or argument.
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an extravagent overstatement. Related to dyspemism or sometimes horse laugh. Ex:"A teen who refers to overly strict parents as "fascists""
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an expression used to suggest that thes is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority. Common phrases which indicate proof surrogates are"informed sources say", "it's obvious that" and "studies show"
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