Genotype

• The actual gene combination

• The trait that the individual actually shows

• a gene that codes for trait

• represented by upper case letter (B), Always shows- preventing the other allele from showing

• Represented by lower case letter (b). Hidden by the dominant allele-- doesnt show if its present. There must be 2 recessive alleles for it to show.

• When the alleles in a pair are diffrent from eachother-- one dominant and one recessive (Think hetero= diffrent). Also known as hybrid.

• When both alleles in a gene pair are the same (think homo= same) Also known as "pure" or "purebred".

• Homologous chromosomes/genes (and therefor the traits) seperate into gametes randomly and independently for eachother.

• Recessive

• NO

• Co-Dominance

• First to see cells in cork

• First saw living microorganisms in pond water using a microscope in 1674

• carbon
• oxygen
• hydrogen
• nitrogen

• He disproved spontaneous generation

1. made of cells
2. reproduce
3. universal genetic code (DNA)
4. grow and develop
5. obtain and use materials and energy
6. respond to their enviroment
7. maintain homeostasis

1. Sugars, starches, cellulose, glycosen
2. Main source of energy for living organisms
3. C, H, O 

1. fat, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
2. energy storage for living organisms
3. C, H, O 

1. enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin
2. builds muscle and provides structure controls, chemical reactions, regulate cell processes
3. C,H,O,N 

Nucleic Acids

1. Dna , Rna
2. Stores genetic information 

• Smaller in size
• simple, has no organelles
• Does not have a nucleus. Dna is one big circle that floats in cell
• Unicellular (single cells)
• EX: bacteria

• Larger in size
• Complex, has many organelles
• Has a nucleus; Dna is in the nucleus
• Unicellular or multicellular
• EX: animals, plants, amoeba

• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the smallest most basic unit of structure and function in living things
• cells come from existing cells 

• control center of the cell

• In plant cells only; where photosynthesis takes place 

• Powerhouse of the cells; makes ATP 

• Makes protein 

Cell Membrane

• Thick layer around the cell; maintains homeostasis 

What is an enzyme?

What is activation energy?

• An enzyme works in speeding up a chemical reaction
• Activation energy is the energy required for the chemical reaction to occur 

• optimal tempatures and PH 

• Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion of particles through the protein channels in a membrane from high concentration to low concentration 

• movement of particles against a concentration diffrence from a low concentration to a high concentration 

• Equal concentration of ions in solution and cells 

• Lower concentration of ions in solution than in cell 

• Equal concentration of ions in solution than in cell 

6 O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ ------> 36 ATP  + CO₂ + H₂O

   oxygen- glucose-         energy- carbon dioxide- water

• Determines the genetic information stored in DNA
• Determines the sequence of amino acids in protein
• Carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes by molecules of mRNA 

Match the original strand of DNA with its complimentary strand

a. 5' A C A T G C 3'

• Interphase
• G1 - cell growth
• S - DNA replication
• G2 - cell growth
• M phase
• Mitosis ( see below)
• Prophase

chromosomal abnormalities; extra chromosomes