Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What is hydrochloric acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat aklalies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -sucralfate, famotidine, ameprazole |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| TP of Jack in the Pulpit? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat anything with Ca oxalate crystals? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name for Nitrogen Dioxide dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Nitrogen Dioxide smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major CS of Nitrogen Dioxide? |
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Definition
| -fibrous granulation tissue in lungs + pulmonary edema |
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Term
| What is the test for Nitrogen Dioxide? |
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Definition
| -KI starch paper turns dark |
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Term
| What is the common name for gaseous ammonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What commonly causes sudden death in pet birds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What looks like BRD but with a normal temp? |
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Definition
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Term
| What CS do iodine compounds cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we diagnose iodine compound toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the TP of perilla mint? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key CS of perilla mint? |
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Definition
| -loud expiratory grunt in cattle |
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Term
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Definition
| -sudden access to lush pasture |
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Term
| What are the key CS of fog fever in cattle? |
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Definition
| -loud expiratory grunt paired with hx |
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Term
| What is the TP of Moldy Sweet Potatoes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common source of Gossypol? |
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Definition
-Cottonsead (dark in color)
-also: Soybean meal (light), Distiller's Grain, Corn gluten |
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Term
| What are the key CS of gossypol toxicity? |
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Definition
| -sudden death and chronic poor doer |
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Term
| What are the key lesions of gossypol toxicity? |
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Definition
| -pale streaks in heart + utmeg liver |
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Term
| Which animal most commonly dies suddenly from ionophore toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MOA of ionophores? |
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Definition
| -proton exchange for Na leads to acidosis and K loss = secondary intracellular Ca overload = skeletal m and cardiac m dysfunction |
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Term
| What are the key CS of ionophore toxicity? |
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Definition
-sudden death in horses
-brisket edema |
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Term
| What are the key necropsy lesions of ionophore toxicity? |
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Definition
| -white streaks in heart + pericardial fluid |
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Term
| How do we diagnose ionophore toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the disease found in pigs due to Vitamin E toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the key CS of cardiac glycoside toxicity? |
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Definition
| -found dead (also GI signs, salivation, and hyperkalemia_ |
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Term
| What is the treatment for cardiac glycoside toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of foxglove? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of oleander? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of Lily of the valley? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of dogbane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the toxic principle of bufo toads? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of milkweed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which three plants contain grayanotoxin? |
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Definition
-Azalea: Rhododendron spp
-Laurel: Kalmia
-Japanese Pieris: Pieris japonia |
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Term
| What is the genus of monkshood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the TP of monkshood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MOA of monkshood? |
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Definition
| -bind to Na chh = inc repetitive discharge and reflex activity |
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Term
| What is the genus of yew? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -depresses cardiac conduction |
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Term
| What is the major lesion seen with senna? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of death camas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of oilfield toxicosis? |
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Definition
-dyspea
-bloat
-petroleum odor
-rumen atony
-GI signs
-paresis
-hyperesthesia
-hypoestesia
-weight loss |
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Term
| What materials should you submit to laboratory to diagnose oilfield toxicosis? |
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Definition
-intact animal if possible
-suspect materials
-rumen & intestinal contents
-lung, liver, kidney, and brain (frozen & fixed)
-complete history & clinical signs |
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Term
| What toxins cause methemoglobin? |
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Definition
-acetaminophen
-naphthalene
-local anesthetics
-nitrate & nitrite
-chorates
-red maple
-copper |
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Term
| What is the MOA of acetaminophen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is acetaminophen metabolized? Why is this important? |
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Definition
-in the liver via glucuronidation
-cats lack the specific glucuronyl transferase required to conjugate acetaminophen |
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Term
| What are the key CS of acetaminophen toxicity? |
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Definition
-inc liver enzymes
-methemoglobinemia
-facial and paw edema in cats |
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Term
| How do we treat acetominophen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species is especially sensitive to local ansthetics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name for cyanide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plants contain cyanide? |
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Definition
-chokecherry
-plum tree
-peach tree
-sorghu spp |
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Term
| What is the MOA of cyanide? |
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Definition
| -conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+ is thereby prevented |
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Term
| Which species are most susceptible to cyanide toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does cyanide smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the diagnostic tests for cyanide toxicity? |
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Definition
-Picrate test: turns red
-Cyantesmo paper: turns blue |
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Term
| Which sample do you test for diagnosis of cyanide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment for cyanide toxicity? |
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Definition
| -sodium nitrite + sodium thiosulfate |
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Term
| What are the nitrate accumulating plants? |
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Definition
-Sudan grass
-Johnson grass
-Fireweed (Kochia)
-Fescue hay
-Pigweed: Amaranthus
-Curly dock: Rumex |
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Term
| True or False: Nitrate remains in the hay after drying. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of nitrate toxicity? |
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Definition
-onset of 3 min to 4h
-GI irritation: cows were vomiting
-Dyspnea
-ataxia
-terminal convulsions
-death 6-24h
-abortion
-methemoglobinemia |
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Term
| What are the best samples to send in to diagnose nitrate toxicity? |
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Definition
| -aqueous humor and forage |
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Term
| Which diagnostic test do we use to diagnose nitrate toxicity? |
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Definition
| -Diphenylamine test: blue is positive |
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Term
| What is the treatment for nitrate toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species is most commonly affected by red maple toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of red maple? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of red maple is most toxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of red maple toxicity? |
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Definition
| -icterus + anemia + hemoglobinuria |
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Term
| What do we see on clinpath of red maple toxicity? |
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Definition
-dec PCV
-inc WBC
-methemoglobin
-heinz bodies |
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Term
| What do we see on UA of red maple toxicity? |
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Definition
| -hemoglobin & methemoglobinuria |
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Term
| What is the genus of onions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the TP of onions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of onion toxicity? |
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Definition
| -hemoglobinemia/uria + dec PCV + Heinz bodies |
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Term
| Which species has the most problem with copper toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of copper toxicity? |
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Definition
-collapse & death 24-48h
-weakness + trembling
-anorexia
-hemoglobinuria
-icterus |
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Term
| How do we diagnose copper toxicity? |
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Definition
-Alive: serum & feed copper levels
-Dead: liver & feed copper levels |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of copper? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment of copper toxicity? |
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Definition
-we don't b/c it is too expensive
-if you want to waste money: D-penicillamine, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate |
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Term
| What is the common name for nitroen dioxide toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does nitrogen dioxide smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the lesions seen with nitrogen dioxide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name of hydrogen sulfide gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does hydrogen sulfide smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of hydrogen sulfide toxicity? |
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Definition
| -paralysis of oflactory nerves and sudden death |
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Term
| What is the typical history of hydrogen sulfide toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of phosphine gas in large animals? |
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Definition
| -aluminum phosphide (grain fumigant) |
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Term
| What is the source of phosphine gas in small animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does phosphine gas smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does cyanide smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MOA of cyanide? |
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Definition
| -prevents Fe3+ conversion to Fe2+ |
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Term
| What are the major lesions seen with cyanide toxicity? |
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Definition
-bright cherry red bloody
-sudden death |
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Term
| How do we treat cyanide toxicity? |
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Definition
| -sodium nitrite + sodium thiosulfate |
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Term
| What does carbon monoxide smell like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical source of carbon monoxide? |
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Definition
| -improperly adjested or vented heaters |
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Term
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Definition
| -competes with O2 for binding sites on proteins |
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Term
| What are the key lesions seen with carbon monoxide?- |
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Definition
| -cherry red blood and tissues |
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Term
| What is the common name for ammonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What species is unusually sensitive to ammonia toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common source of ammonia toxicity? |
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Definition
| -improperly cleaned or vented livestock holding areas |
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Term
| What are the common lesions seen with ammonia toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the common sources of fluoride toxicity? |
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Definition
-hydrogen fluoride: industrial effluents
-sodium fluorosilicate: old inseticide |
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Term
| What are the lesions seen vitamin A toxicity? |
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Definition
-night blindness
0xerophthalmia |
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Term
| What are the lesions seen with ypervitaminosis A? |
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Definition
-skeletal malformations
-spontaneous fractures
0internal hemorrhage |
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Term
| What are the common names for vitamin D toxicity? |
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Definition
-Sunshine Vitamin
-cholecalciferol |
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Term
| What is the MAO of vitamin D toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with Vitamin D toxicity? |
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Definition
| -causes premature loss of teeth |
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Term
| What is the common name for vitamin D toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the key lesions seen with vitamin D toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name for Vitamin E toxicity in cows? In swine? |
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Definition
-Cows: white muscle dz
-Swine: mulberry heart dz |
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Term
| What are the key lesions for vitamin E toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which clotting factors are directly affected by lack of Vitamin K? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical source of Vitamin K for LA toxicity cases? |
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Definition
| -Moldy Sweet Clover (Dicumarol) |
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Term
| What is the toxic principle of Moldy Sweet Clover toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MOA of vitamin K toxicity? |
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Definition
| competetitibvely inhibits vit K epoxide reductase thus dec concnetrations of factors 2, 7, 9, 10 |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of vitamin K toxicity? |
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Definition
-prolonged bleeding
-hematomas
-lameness |
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Term
| What is the key lesions seen with vitamin K toxicity? |
|
Definition
| -unclotted blood in body caviities |
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Term
| How do we diagnose vitamin K toxicity? |
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Definition
| -history + hemorrhage + ClinPath (low PCV + inc PT time) |
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Term
| What is the regular source of SA vitamin K toxicity? |
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Definition
| -anticoagulant rodenticides |
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Term
| What is the common name for Vitamin B1? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the common sources of vitamin B1 in toxicity cases? |
|
Definition
-cats: raw fusg
-sulfur dioxide as a preservative in pet food |
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Term
| What is the common name for Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the common name for vitamin C deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name for vitamin deficiency in fish? |
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Definition
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