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social facts are external things, the value, cultural norms
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Durkheim argued that the discipline of sociology should be understood as the empirical study of social facts
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language is part of an activity that gives context to the things said and so provides a foundation for meaning
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understanding what people think and do is not only like understanding how words mean, what they do.
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said that in order to understand society, social science must be centrally concerned with meaning
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“ To give an account of the meaning of a word, you must describe how it is used. To describe how it is used, is to describe the social intercourse into which it enters. If social relations between men exist only in and through their ideas, then, since the relations between ideas are internal relations, social relations must be a species of internal relations too.”
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ex. flag flown at half mast means that a death is being mourned
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| conceptual/linguistic analysis in social science |
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hermeneutic approach, interpretation of the language and meaning → general overview
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if everything is right, 2-4 , then social science should look at language
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pg 168 Cuban missile crisis
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ex. JFK is an agent making decision (individual), he is a president, playing role, presidency or bureaucracy
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you can look at any level, understand agent within the role of any 2 of the levels
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| The problem of other minds |
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The problem of other minds has traditionally been regarded as an epistemological challenge raised by the skeptic. The challenge may be expressed as follows: given that I can only observe the behavior of others, how can I know that others have minds?[1] The thought behind the question is that no matter how sophisticated someone's behavior is, behavior on its own is not sufficient to guarantee the presence of mentality. It remains possible, for example, that other people are actually nothing more than automata made out of flesh (or "philosophical zombies" as the term for this example stands).
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| What do linguistic anthropologists mean in saying that another social practice is “rational” ? |
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in terms of rationality, they believe that witchcraft was legit , but their definition is different from our language
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| Why Evans-Pritchard’s study of the Azande is interesting to Social Scientists |
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Evan was a revolutionary anthropology → cross cultural analysis
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rejected the idea of staying removed and actors don’t know what they’re doing, you observe from a distance
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Evan found a translator, introduced into leader of zombie and said he wanted to move in, and they said yes. he lived there for two years, left British life behind, and made a life with zombies
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zombies believed that witchcraft is inherited through gender line, and they believe you can know if they’re a witch through autopsy (small black stone In your body)
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Evan noticed that human beings are not rational creatures, not computers, we all operate in meaning systems that have us doing weird things, we don’t notice it because we are all doing the same language game
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The use of oracles
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the zombie didn’t care if you were a witch, they only cared if they were bewitching someone. there is no word in the zombie language that means “witch” that is a noun, it is only a verb
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bridge head theory
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belief that there is a common ground between all cultures, you can use that “bridge” belief system
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ex. you can’t go to another culture and just talk about Gods, you would talk about simple things, and once you get that established, you can use that to expand your dialogue.
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| Conceptual relativism/perceptual relativism |
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| The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis / Linguistic determinism |
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Sapir-Whorf
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Linguistic determinism
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| is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception. The term implies that people of different languages have different thought processes. |
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| The function of positions and “roles” in social explanation |
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A role is a set of connected behaviours, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation.
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| proposed that human behavior is guided by expectations held both by the individual and by other people. The expectations correspond to different roles individuals perform or enact in their daily lives, such as secretary, father, or friend. For instance, most people hold pre-conceived notions of the role expectations of a secretary, which might include: answering phones, making and managing appointments, filing paperwork, and typing memos. |
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| social positions/roles/actors |
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society contains positions and roles, you think of what you want to be, you think about your options on premade positions, you’re not inventing it, you are being an accountant, etc. you are choosing to play that roles that are available
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you can’t pick them all, you can fail or succeed but you are picking and being aware of socialization in society
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you are born into a structure that is already in place, the way you think about yourself and options and navigating yourself through it
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each position preforms by incumbent (someone who is filling political position) so the position is there, president or whatever, and a person is filling the position, and someone else can step in the position
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Hollis said to think of society like that
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you can understand the position without people in them, there is normal behavior for a position, ex. we know how a banker’s role is, and that is the
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| that describes proper behavior in the role, and you can analyze all of that without individual people → top down approach |
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normative expectation that describes proper behavior in the role
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rational expectation is what you would expect someone to do in respect to their self interest in what they want to do to develop themselves
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| The concept of “agents” vs. “actors” in social explanation |
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I am an agent, and I make rational decision , apply my value and make decision, and what I make decision concerning has strict rules because of normative expectations and roles, I will decide to be a mother of 3 or whatever, select a role and then play the role to suit my preferences in the constraint
→you need to do both
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