Term
| A priori vs. A posteriori |
|
Definition
A priori: Truth before experiences. Independent believed by rationalists.
A posteriori: Truth after experience. Dependent on touch, smell, sight ext. Believed by Empiricists. |
|
|
Term
| Rationalist vs. Emiricists |
|
Definition
Rationalists: A person that believes that philosophy is characterized by its confidence in reason, and intuition in particular, to know reality independently of experience. Continental rationalism is usually reserved for three great European philosophers, Descartes Spinoza and Leibniz. (151-152)
Empiricists:Belief that you are born with thing. Everything is dependent on what you've hear, seen, smelt, felt.
A person that believes the philosophy that demands that all knowledge, except for certain logical truths and principles of mathematics, comes from experience. British empiricism is often used to refer specifically to the three philosophers John, Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. It is still very much alive movement, however includes Bertrand Russell and other contemporary philosophers. (131-132. |
|
|
Term
| Innate truths vs. tabula rasa- |
|
Definition
Innate truths: Truths we are born with, which may include tendencies to think a certain ways that are hardwired into our minds. (152)
Tabula rasa: In Locke, the “blank tablet” metaphor of the mind, in opposition to the doctrine that there are innate ideas. In other words, the mind is a “blank” at birth, and everything we know must be “stamped in” though experience. (152) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cogito, Ergo Sum, Evidence of mind.-- Descartes |
|
|
Term
| Descartes' argument for the existence of his body: |
|
Definition
1.)I am holding this piece of wax- subject to change.
2.)My hand is connected to my body.
3.)My body exists.
4.)Therefore, the external world exists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Claim that we cannot know. We can’t know something, the external world exist. We can not prove it so there for we can not know it. Exp. You participate in skepticism when the phone rings but you don’t know if the phone is real, but you still answer it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everything must be one or the other: Matters of Fact—empirical (there are tigers in India) Truths of Reason – (2+2=4)
We do not know if God does or does not exist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inductive Reasoning, hypothesis, evidence including a generalization. There is no reason to believe that the future will resemble the past. |
|
|
Term
| Correspondence Model of Truth |
|
Definition
| - True Belief Corresponds to reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - relations between negative aspects and circular reasoning. All beliefs are coherent and integrated |
|
|
Term
| Pragmatist Model of Truth |
|
Definition
| Truth is based on functions. How well or poorly a belief functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dependent on who you are may only be true for you. True for self- do not need to justify things about yourself. Down side: Just because you believe it doesn’t make it true. And illusion, no evidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - The view that societies differ in their basic ethical values. Cultural relativism is the thesis that societies in fact so differ. Ethical relativism is the more radical thesis that what is considered right (or wrong) in a given society is therefore right (or wrong) in and for that society. (176) Truth can be particular to people, something can be true to me, but not to you, something can be true to US citizens that are not true to Mexican citizens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that you need a theory that an object exists over space and time. Exp. Your cells rejuvenate every 7 years, but you are still the same person. Experiences make you different that you were young, but you are still the same. How do you continuously change. Related to the body view and Memory view. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Body Theory Advantages:
Less subjective, identity (physical),
Individuality,
Law upholds this theory.(exp. Fingerprints, DNA)
As long as you have your DNA you are the same person. – Sex change, multi personality, rehab, life changing events—still the same person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memory Theory-pg. 187
Must perceive that you are perceiving.
2 components- consciousness and memory
Memory- remember events from the past
Both present in humans
Memories because we are conscious, conscious because we have memories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We have memories because we are conscious and we are conscious because we have memories. Memory is dependent upon consciousness, memory produced consciousness as consciousness produces memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - A twentieth-century philosophical movement that developed in France and Germany through the work of Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and others. It’s basic theme is human freedom and responsibility, the lack of any given rules, and the need for us to be responsible for our own actions. Believe in human freedom. Rejects things that put boundaries on us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Denying your Free Will. 2 Parts
1.) Denying that your behaviors are representative of anything.
Act as if you have as much free will as an inanimate object.
2.) Hiding behind A role or label—More common.
Relating to a category. – My behavior is okay because” “ does it and I’m one of them.
Commonly used to justify behaviors. “I only argue because I’m a lawyer”
BAD FAITH CAN BE INFLICTED UPON YOU.
You do not “choose” things, parents, born, humans, ext. make your life the way you want.
If there are things you don’t like in your life, you can change them. Exp. Habits, emotions, behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dualism: Belief that both physical and nonphysical are one in the same. Mind/Body are two of the same. Two aspects of you. The Physical aspect of you, and the nonphysical part of you. Body physical and mind is nonphysical.
1.) Cartesian interactionisms
2.) Dual Aspect Theory
3.) Pre Established Harmony
Materialism: 1.) Behaviorism
2.) Identity Theory
3.) Functionalism |
|
|
Term
| Cartesian Interactionism- |
|
Definition
| Physical Body, Non-Physical mind (processes thought emotion and communicates to the body.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body/mind aspects of the same thing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Both body and mind- do not interact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior is all that we have- discussion between mind and soul categorized. Side note: Category mistake. Exp. University tour. Show all the buildings. Someone asks where it he University Building. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain/mind same thing like Water and H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental activity is associated with brain. Behavior inputs. (hear, see, taste, smell) brain processes output is the behavioral response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - A person can make free choices when he or she is not coerced. (coerced-forced or suggested) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forced or suggested—often through parental guidance or advertisements. 2 types. Determinism and Fatalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A person’s future is determined by: 1.) Laws of Nature and 2.) The past.
A law of Nature- What is possible for us to do. Exp. Gravity, being in two places at once, flying living on the sun.
Limits what you can actually do.
The past- Antecedent conditions: all behavior/moments in our lives that create a if…than situation. Causal Chain. Cause… effect. Lessons learned psychologically suggestive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A person has a fate or a destiny. (God, Greek tales Law of Karma)
Story of Edemas Rex- Kills his father, marries his mother. NO CHIOCE.
Predestination- God Knows how you will end up. Predetermined. If feels like free will but you don’t actually my your choices, because they are predetermined. Pg. (222-224) You are held hostage by fate, doesn’t matter what you think you are going to do, you will live up to your destiny.
Even if you cannot imagine that you could ever do it, you can not avoid it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Follows the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Undetermined choices.
The choices are results of quantum jumps. You make a decision that you did not intend to make.
Same past yielding 2 completely different lives. Exp. Vacation: Hawaii or Colorado.
Quantum jumps in the brain cause you to choose something for real reason. Completely random. |
|
|
Term
| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
|
Definition
| The hypothesis that one cannot know both the motion and the position of subatomic particle. (232) Foundation of indeterminism. The idea that the level at subatomic particle you an not know the location or their motion at the same time. We can’t know or predict the behavior of particles. Indeterminist suggests that this is called a quantum jump in the brain. Causes you to choose something for a reason you don’t know why. A particle behaves in a way that you cannot predict. |
|
|
Term
| Soft Determinism/Compatibilism |
|
Definition
Character is Determined
Choices can still be free
Determinism and free will can be true.
The element of YOU is determined by your character.
You can make choices based on your character
Self-forming choice. Self-forming action. Exp. If you choose something ambitious once, causes you to make another ambitious choice. Causing you to be an ambitious person.
Causes the argument of Responsibility.—Must correlate with free will, if you didn’t freely choose something you can’t be held responsible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The phenomenon to create a situation to alter a behavior. Pavlov’s dog. Heard the bell, time to eat. The idea that you could go to prison makes people behave better..
For test know how conditioning is related to determinism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Robust sense of Free Will.
Robust sense of Responsibility
Suicide- Draft for war.
Feel like it’s acceptable.
You can do things that you think you can’t, you just choose not to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plato’s Belief that art is an imitation of something else, which is an imitation of something else, and again and again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aristotle’s belief. Uses this word describes how we feel when we cry over something. Emotional release about fictitious events. For example movies. Not crying about something that effects you but about something that is fake. |
|
|
Term
| Taste (“I like it” vs. “It’s good”): |
|
Definition
Hume’s Belief, that art and beauty is based off of the “Standard of taste” Something can be Good, and something can be Liked.
There is a difference between liking something and knowing something is good.
Good and bad taste.
Good: of good quality, something you can defend, and culturally accepted. Consensus that it is good.
Like: Simply like it and it usually changes with time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Philosophy of Art and beauty. |
|
|
