Fossils

Embryology

Molecular - DNA and protein sequences

Compartive anatomy - homologous structures

(example of compartive anatomy) Vertebrae forearms 

Name the evidence of evolution:

bones used to look at previously living species

Name the evidence of evolution:

Looking at embryos to compare similar features

Name the evidence of evolution:

Looking at how DNA and proteins evolve over time and between species

Name the evidence of evolution:

comparing anatomy of living animals. Comparing features that evolved from a common ancestor and may have similar or different function in different species

Name the evidence of evolution:

Comparing anatomy of living animals. Structures that evolved seperately but perform similar function

Name the primate:

Larger than monkeys, bigger brains, lack tails

Ex humans and apes

Name the Ancient Hominid: 

4.4 million years ago 

Walked upright but not well

Name the Ancient Hominid: 

Name the Ancient Hominid: 

Name the Ancient Hominid: 

Name the Ancient Hominid: 

Name the Pre-Embryonic structure:

fertilized egg

Name the Pre-Embryonic structure:

Hollow ball with inner cell mass and trophoblast

Name the Pre-Embryonic structure:

Inside a blastocyst - embryonic stem cells will develop into embryo

Name the Pre-Embryonic structure:

Inside a blastocyst - outer sphere. will form embryonic part of placenta

Implantation: Blastocyst burrows into endometrium

Is this the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd step?

Trophoblasts secretes enzymes to create path

Implantation: Blastocyst burrows into endometrium

Is this the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd step?

Implantation: Blastocyst burrows into endometrium

Is this the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd step?

Embryonic: Name the germ layer formed

Will form skin, nervous system

Embryonic: Name the germ layer formed

will for connective tissue, bone, muscle

Embryonic: Name the germ layer formed

will form lining of digestive tract, alveoli

Name the structure:

Interface between mother's and embryo's blood. Allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste

Name the embryonic structure:

Ectodermal fold on back of embryo will eventually form CNS

Name the embryonic structure:

mesodermal will form muscle and bone

Name the embryonic structure:

all 3 germ layers will form several face and neck parts

Name the embryonic stage:

all vertebraes look similar

Name the embryonic stage:

looks more human

Name the structure:

circular DNA molecule that is copied when inside growing bacteria

Name the step of DNA cloning:

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

Cut gene out of DNA

Name the step of DNA cloning:

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

Insert gene into plasmid

Name the step of DNA cloning:

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

Put plasmid into bacteria and let bacteria make many copies

PCR:

Short pieces of DNA bind to ends of target sequence. Show polymerase where to start

Name the step of PCR:

1st, 2nd, or 3rd? 

high temp causes DNA to unwind

Name the step of PCR:

1st, 2nd, or 3rd? 

lower temp allows primers to bind to ends of target DNA sequence

Name the step of PCR:

1st, 2nd, or 3rd? 

best temp for polymerase allows it to copy DNA

Name the method of seperating DNA:

put DNA into gel and apply electric field

DNA moves towards + electrode

Smaller pieces move faster (seperate based on size)

Stain with dye that binds DNA and glows whne hit with UV light to see bands

The following are uses of what?

Make recombinant proteins - usually put gene into bacteria

Modify crops - agricultural uses

Modify animal - agricultural or research uses

Human gene therapy - correct a bad gene in pt.

What alleles you actually have 

ex. Yy or yy

Observable result of allele 

ex. yellow or green peas

Name the Mendel Law:

alleles for one gene seperate equally into gametes

Name the Mendel Law:

alleles for 2 different genes seperate independently (don't affect each other)

Name the cause of nondisjunction:

3 copies of a chromosome

Name the cause of nondisjunction:

1 copy of a chromosome

Most cases of this cause the embryo to die?

(failure of chromosomes to seperate correctly during meiosis)

The following are examples of what?

Down syndrome, monosomy X

Name the gene:

mutation makes them constantly push cell through cycle

Name the gene:

mutation causes loss of normal function to stop cell cycle

Name the term related to cancer progression:

increased cell division

Name the term related to cancer progression:

change of cell morphology (shape)

Name the term related to cancer progression:

malignant, fast growing cells but staying in place

Name the term related to cancer progression:

cells spreading through tissue

Name the term related to cancer progression:

cells spreading to other organs

Name the term related to carcinogens:

cause the first mutation

Name the term related to carcinogens:

increases cell division and therefore, likelihood of further mutations

Name the defense against cancer:

needs to be done before the next round of DNA replication

Name the defense against cancer:

Name the defense against cancer:

The following steps are involved with what?

Detach from tumor mass, move through tissue, cross capillary basement membrane, survive in blood, cross capillary basement membrane again, establish new tumor in different organ

Name the type of cancer treatment:

A: This removes the tumor

D: does not remove metastatic tumor cells and may miss invasive cells in same organ

Name the type of cancer treatment:

Name the type of cancer treatment:

Name the new cancer treatment:

stimulate pt. immune system to attack tumor

Name the new cancer treatment:

Name the new cancer treatment:

Name the new cancer treatment:

Name the new cancer treatment:

Name phase of the cell cycle:

mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cell division) occur

Name phase of the cell cycle:

cell growth, preparation of DNA synthesis

Name phase of the cell cycle:

DNA synthesis

Name phase of the cell cycle:

preparation for mitosis

Name phase of the cell cycle:

exit from cell cycle

DNA complementary nucleotides:

what pairs with A?

DNA complementary nucleotides:

What pairs with C?

Name the phase of mitosis:

chromosomes condense, spindle forms

Name the phase of mitosis:

chromosomes attach to spindle and line up at center of cell

Name the phase of mitosis:

sister chromatids seperate and move toward opposite sides of cell

Name the phase of mitosis:

chromosomes reach the end of spindle, chromosomes decondense, new nuclear envelopes form

Name the division of meiosis:

1 or 2?

Homologous chromosomes line up side by side at metaphase crossing over exchanges DNA (mix up mom and dad's genes0 entire chromosome (with both sister chromatids) goes to daughter cells

Name the division of meiosis:

1 or 2?

works just like mitosis (sister chromatids seperate) result is 4 haploid cells (only one copy of each chromosome) each chromosome is mom's or dad's or a mixture

What is the following process?

DNA unwinds at the gene to be expressed. RNA polymerase copies by adding nucleotides (AU, GC), splicing (introns removed) mRNA moves out of nucleus to cytoplasm

What is the following process?

ribosomes and tRNA read the genetic code. tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon. tRNA brings amino acid with it. ribosome holds everything in place and forms new peptide bond. starts at AUG codon and ends at stop codon

Name the type of mutation:

mutation that is passed to offspring

Name the type of mutation:

mutation not passed to offspring but can affect individual