the individual units that bond together to form a polypeptide (protein).

the individual units that bond to together to form a polysaccharide (starch).

What are enzymes?

protein molecules that catalyze (help) chemical reactions.

The 3-dimensional shape of a molecule is important to 

prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and other membrane bound organelles.

contains DNA in eukaryotic cells

organelles found in autotrophic cells that produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis

the organelles where aerobic cellular respiration occurs to produce ATP energy in cells

a selectively permeable boundary around a cell. (Lipid bilayer)

What is active transport

Receptor proteins in cell membranes attach to 

Many of the cells inside the human body are differentiated to carry out 

While all cells have the same DNA, some genes are activated (turned on) and others inactivated (turned off), causing cells and tissues 

the growth of a cell before it divides, remember cells can't just keep growing and growing – they have to divide

tells cells when to start divide and when to stop.  When these don't work – this can lead to cancer.

involves a diploid cell dividing into two identical daughter cells

involves body cells dividing uncontrollably by mitosis

the process of producing haploid cells from one diploid cell.

one of the factors responsible for producing variation among the gametes produced by an organism

New individuals of an existing species are produced through the process of 

produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Modern cell biology techniques allow complex organisms such as mammals to be 

DNA mutations and chromosomal abnormalities may be passed on to the next generation if they are located in cells that produce 

the hormone that stimulates gamete (sperm) production and the formation of secondary sex characteristics in males

the process that involves the fusion of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell to form a diploid cell called a zygote

is the type of mitotic cell division without a change in cell size involved in embryonic development

During intrauterine development in humans, the amnion and placenta are necessary to maintain 

If parents with desirable characteristics are selected to mate, the chance that their offspring will possess the alleles for these characteristics is 

Genetic diseases are inherited through DNA codes and are transmitted from parents to offspring during 

Each chromosome holds hundreds of

DNA replication involves making an identical copy of a cell’s 

involves matching nucleotide bases together using the law of complementary base pairing A-T and C-G (Chargaff's rule)

During DNA replication, the double strand of DNA unzips, as weak H bonds between the base pairs are 

polymers made from nucleotides which are monomers

made of 3 parts: phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base [DNA – ATCG] [RNA – AUCG]

polymers made from amino acids which are monomers

polymers made from simple sugars which are monomers

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are all 

may result in the production of abnormal proteins that do not function correctly, or in the stopping of protein production

Insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacterial cells by transformation will allow them to produce 

Insertion of THIS into plant cells by Agrobacterium tumifaciens infection will allow genetically altered plants to be created.) 

Recombinant viral DNA can be added to human cells using the process of 

bacteria are a type of cells that can be transferred form organism to organism without reproduction.  This is called 

a technique used to separate fragments of cut DNA according to size. DNA is negative.

Organisms have different structural, behavioral or chemical adaptations to carry out 

the process that may lead to the evolution of new species

occurs when there is over population (remember: carrying capacity; exponential growth is unrealistic. Logistic growth is more realistic) and when there is variation among individuals of a population.

provides evidence that evolution has occurred

The first living organisms were single celled -------- organisms 

is the percentage of alleles for a specific characteristic.

When a small group of individuals is separated from the main population, they may 

Changes in genes result in variation that lead to the formation of 

If a population has a wide range of variation due to genetic diversity, it gives the population an increased ability to adapt if the environment ever 

proposed natural selection (aka: survival of the fittest).  Remember, mutations happen – any change in a gene or chromosome, usually neutral but can be good or bad – if the environment changes, these variations could help the organism to survive – if it does we say it's an adaptation and that the organism was better suited or more fit for the change in the environment than the other individuals in is its population.

Organs and systems in the human body help maintain 

in the digestive system, these substances are responsible for the hydrolysis (breaking down) of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

the pump that moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs 

the pump that moves oxygenated blood to the body’s cells.

proteins produced by white blood cells in the human body that attach to invading pathogens and clump them together

Organ transplants are tricky because the cells of the implanted organ are recognized as foreign invading cells by the recipient’s 

weakened forms of pathogen or a protein from the pathogen’s surface.

The nervous system and endocrine system allow cells within multicellular organisms to communicate and coordinate their 

specific chemical messenger molecules that travel through the blood and attach to receptor proteins on the surface of target cells

The hormone that is secreted from the pancreas and lowers the glucose level in the blood.

maintain homeostasis in the human body

Disease can be described as a failure of 

regulate urine composition and water balance in the blood by filtering and reabsorbing molecules

maintain homeostasis in leaves by regulating gas exchange and water loss

What is chlorophyll

gas that is consumed in photosynthesis

gas that is produced in photosynthesis.

the first stable product of photosynthesis and serves as a food source within cells

the process of producing ATP energy from glucose and oxygen in mitochondria.

Since oxygen is involved this is an aerobic process.  

a quick way to produce ATP without oxygen 

the waste gas produced in cellular respiration and excreted through the lungs.

All organisms carry out this process to breakdown glucose and produce ATP energy molecules.

responsible for the stable levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere

Energy is transferred from one organism to another within a 

responsible for recycling materials when they breakdown (decay) organic molecules from dead organisms

always begin with a producer, progress with a series of consumers, and end with decomposers

can get their energy from abiotic (non-living) factors – sun, water, soil, nitrogen, phosphorous, etc

the amount of the energy that progresses from one level of the food chain to the next level because an organisms using 90% of its energy

 nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion, synthesis, regulation, growth, reproduction

hold most of the energy in the ecosystem and are at the base of an ecosystem’s energy pyramid.

biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, species (individual)

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

its genus followed by its species

The more closely related two organisms are, the more recently they have a 

If the population of one organism in a food web increases or decreases, it will affect 

one organism is harmed while the other benefits

one benefits the other is not affected (neutral)

have a complex food web and high biodiversity (diversity – variation –

the regions of the Earth with similar climatic conditions, plants, and animals.  

Climax communities develop in ecosystems over thousands of years through the process of 

What is primary succession

Pollution by humans has disrupted the balance in many ecosystems and subsequently has endangered 

a major environmental problem caused by factory emissions containing nitrogen and sulfur

Chemical pesticides and wastes that enter into the environment affect wildlife and may cause a 

Destruction of the ozone layer by pollution (CFCs) results in more of these  reaching the surface of Earth

Increased levels of greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane CH4) in the troposphere have led to 

agents that aren't in this new ecosystems and they over run it, creating an imbalance in the ecosystem.

competition for resources increases between members of the species when

the maximum number of individuals that can survive on the resources that are present in an area

Biological controls are better than chemical controls for 

permanently damage the environment, but only provide a short-term solution to insect population problems.

(a) all living things are made of cells

            (b) cells are the basic units of structure and function

            (c) cells only come from other cells

1000 micrometers (microns) = 

brain of the cell.

liquid inside a cell.

rough helps to make proteins, smooth - lipids.

make proteins.

stores things (usually big in plants and small in animals)

help in cell division (mitosis, meiosis).

made of lipids and proteins, surrounds all cells

made of cellulose, surrounds cell membrane in plants, makes them square &            gives support.

The idea that evolution occurs at a slow and steady pace (Darwin

Evolution occurs rapidly with interspersed periods of stability

Enzymes control these;  They have an "active site" that is actually involved.

" refers to the fact that 1 enzyme controls only 1 reaction

was a monk who grew pea plants in his garden and is the "father of genetics".

what genes are present? 

what do you actually look like

- both alleles are the same (TT or tt) 

both alleles are different (Tt or Bb)

when traits mix (red x white makes pink) 

when 2 traits are expressed at the same time (blood types, colors on chicken)

occur more in males than females because the traits are on the X