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Definition
| the fundamental units of matter; the smallest parts of an element that still act like that element |
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| the particle in the nucleus of an atom that has a positive electrical charge |
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| a particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no electrical charge; named neutron to reflect this lack of electrcle charge |
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| a negatively charged particle moving at a distance from the nucleus of an atom; balance it the positive charges of the protons |
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| the number of protons in an atom |
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| the weight of an atomic nucleus, expressed in atomic mass units (the sum of the protons and neutrons) |
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| does not react, outer shell filled, last column of periodic table |
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| a region surrounding an atomic nucleus that contains electrons moving at approximately the same speed and having approximately the same amount of kinetic energy |
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| an atom of the same element that differs only in the number of neutrons |
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| molecules that have the same empirical formula but different structural formulas |
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| the attractive force formed between two atoms that share a pair of electrons |
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| the attractive forces between ions of opposite charge |
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| weak attractive forces between molecules; important in determining how groups of molecules are arranged |
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| a homogenous mixture of ions or molecules of two or more substances |
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| one with a lower amout of dissolved material; cell swells |
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| higher amount of dissolved material; cell shrinks |
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| same concentration of dissolved material; equal |
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| nonliving parts of an organism's environment |
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| living parts of an organism's environment |
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| the basic structural units of all living things. the smallest units that display the characteristics of life |
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| a group of specialiszed cells that work together to perform a specific function |
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| a structure composed of groups of tissue that perform particular functions |
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| a structure composed of groups of organs that perform particular functions |
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| an independent living unit |
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| compounds that release a hydrogen ion in a solution |
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| compounds that release hydroxide ions or accept hydrogen ions in a solution |
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| a scale used to indicate the concentration of an acid or a base |
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| molecules required by organisms for growth, reproduction, or repair |
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| one class of organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; the basic building block of carbohydrates is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) |
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| a class of water-insoluble macromolecules composed of a glycerol and fatty acids |
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| large organic molecules that do not easily dissolve in water; classes include true (neutral) fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Definition
| macromolecules made up of one or more polypeptides attached to each other by bonds |
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| a basic subunit of protein consisting of a short carbon skeleton that contains an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and one of various side groups |
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DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
a polymer of nucleotides that serves as gentic information
in prokaryotes, double stranded loop and contains attached HU proteins
in eukaryotes, found in strands with attached histone proteins, when tightly coiled is known as a chromosome |
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Definition
| fundamental subunits of nucleic acid constructed of a phosphate group, sugar, and an organic nitrogenous base |
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double ring
guanine and adenine |
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Definition
triple ring
cytosine, thymine, uracil |
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Definition
a polymer of nucleotides formed on the template surface of DNA by transcription
three forms: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
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Definition
| a sequence of three nucleotides of an mRNA molecule that directs the placement of a particular amino acid during translation |
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| the trio of bases in the tRNA that is involved in base-pairing |
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Definition
| a molecule composed of ribonucleotides that functions as a copy of the gene and is used in the cytoplasm of the cell during protein synthesis |
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Definition
| a molecule composed of ribonucleic acid and responsible for transporting a specific amino acid into a ribosome for assembly into a protein |
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| a set of all the genetics necessary to specify an organism's complete list of characteristics |
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| semiconservative replication |
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Definition
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Definition
the process of manufacturing RNA from the template surface of DNA
mRNA |
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| the anaerobic first stage of cellular respiration, consisting of the enzymatic breakdown of a sugar into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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Definition
| pathways that oxidize glucose to genrate ATP energy using something other than O2 as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor |
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Term
Krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle |
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Definition
| the series of reactions in aerobic cellular respiration that results in the production of two carbon dioxides, the release of fours pairs of hydrogens, and the formation of an ATP molecule |
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electron transport system
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Definition
(on the cristae of the mitochondria)
the series of oxidation-reduction reactions in aerobic cellular respiration in which the energy is removed ffrom hydrogens and transferred to ATP |
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Definition
| a series of reactions that take place in chloroplasts and result in the storage of sunlight energy in the form of chemical-bond energy |
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Definition
| energy-converting, membranous, saclike organelles in plant cells containing the green pigment chlorophyll |
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Definition
| a thin, flat disk found in the chloroplast of plant cells that is the site of the light-capturing events and light-dependent reactions of photsynthesis |
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Definition
| areas of the chloroplast membrane whre chlorophyll molecules are concentrated |
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Definition
| a process that results in equal and identical distribution of replicated chromosomes into two newly formed nuclei |
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| the specialized pair of cell divisions that reduces the choromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) |
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| the gametogenesis process that leads to the formation of eggs |
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Definition
| the gametogenesis process that leads to the formation of sperm |
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Definition
| the pattern of inheriting charcteristics that follows the laws formulated by Gregor Mendel |
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Definition
| a type of cell division, in which daughter cells get only half the chromosomes from the parent cell |
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Definition
| havng two sets of chromosomes: one set from the maternal parent and one set from the paternal parent |
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Definition
| having a single set of chromosomes, resulting from the reduction division of meiosis |
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Definition
| the study of genes, how genes produce characterisitics, and how the characteristics are inherited |
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Definition
pure
describes a diploid organism that has 2 identical alleles for a particular characterisitic |
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Definition
hybrid
describes a diploid organism that has 2 different alleles for a particular characteristic |
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Definition
| an allele that expresses itself and masks the effects of other alleles for the trait |
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Definition
| an allele, when present with its homolog, does not express itself and is masked by the effect of the other allele |
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| a mating between two organisms that are both heterozygous for the one observed gene |
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| the accumulation of a compound in increasing concentration in organisms at successively higher trophic levels |
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| a step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem |
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| organisms that produce new organic material from inroganic material with the aid of sunlight |
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| organisms that feed directly on plants - herbivores |
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| animals that eat other animals - carnivores |
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| animals that eat other animals |
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| large, regional, communities primarily determined by climate |
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| the place or part of a community occupied by an organism |
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| an organism's specific functional role in its community |
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| a sequence of organisms that feed on one another, resulting in a floe of energy from a producer through a series of consumers |
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| a system of interlocking food chains |
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| an organism that captures, killsm and eats another animal |
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| an organism captured, killed, and eat by a predator |
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Definition
| a relationship bewteen two organisms in which both organisms are harmed |
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Definition
| a close physical relationship between two orgnanisms |
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Definition
| a relationship between two organisms that involves one organism living in or on another organism and deriving nourishment from it |
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Definition
| a relationship between two organisms in which one organism is helped and the other is not affected |
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| a relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit |
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Definition
| the process of changing one type of community to another |
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Definition
1000 years
the orderly series of changes that begins in a previously uninhabited area and leads to a climax community |
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200 years
the orderly series of changes that begins with the disturbance of an exisiting community and leads to a climax community |
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