Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 reasons for color variation |
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Definition
Normal metabolic functions
Physical activity
Ingested material
Pathologic conditions |
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Term
| How to view urine color appropriately |
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Definition
| viewing down through the container against white background |
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Term
| what is the normal color or urine attributed to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is urochrome produced? |
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Definition
| produced at a constant rate. The actual amount produced is dependent upon metabolic activities. |
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Term
| What does urochrome tell us? |
|
Definition
| Can serve as a rough indicator of kidney concentrating ability. |
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Term
|
Definition
| – most common cause of abnormal color. Usually appears red but may range from pink to black depending on pH of specimen |
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Term
| RBCs in contact with acid urine produce |
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Definition
| brown-blackish color owing to denaturation of hemoglobin. (Hemoglobin to methemoglobin) |
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Term
| Hemoglobin and myoglobin in urine |
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Definition
| impart a red but clear color color to urine, test positive for blood |
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Term
| Nonpathogenic causes for alteration in color |
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Definition
| Highly pigmented foods, medications and vitamins |
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Term
| Light to medium yellow urine |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| extremely concentrated, bilirubinuria |
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Term
|
Definition
| hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria |
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Term
|
Definition
| myoglobinuria, hemoglobinuria, or methmeglobinuria |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Appearance of urine indicated |
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Definition
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Term
| What can normally make urine appear cloudy? |
|
Definition
| precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates |
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Term
| Cloudiness in acid urine may result from the precipitation of |
|
Definition
| amorphous urates, calcium oxalates, uric acid crystals |
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Term
| What makes the urine appear to have a slight pink tinge? |
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Definition
| collection of uroerythrin on the surface of the crystals |
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Term
| 4 most common causes for turbidity in urine? |
|
Definition
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Epithelial Cells
Bacteria |
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|
Term
| Other causes of Turbidity |
|
Definition
| lipids, mucus, semen, crystals, yeast, fecal contamination, and radiographic dyes |
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|
Term
| The degree of turbidity is a key to |
|
Definition
| expected results from microscopic examination and should correspond to the quantity of material observed in the microscopic examination of the specimens |
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|
Term
| The primary function of the kidney is |
|
Definition
| selective reabsorb essential minerals and water |
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|
Term
| first physiologic function to degrade in renal disease. |
|
Definition
| selective reabsorb essential minerals and water |
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|
Term
| urine specimens allow for |
|
Definition
| evaluation of concentrating abilities of the kidney |
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|
Term
| Concentrating abilities of kidneys correspond to |
|
Definition
| evaluation of hydrational status and hormonal control mechanisms (ADH secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
| density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water at similar temperature. |
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|
Term
| Specific gravity is influenced by |
|
Definition
| number of particles dissolved in the specimens and their size. |
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|
Term
| why is osmlality a better test for evaluating concentrating abilities? |
|
Definition
| dependent solely on the number of particles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A weighted float attached to a calibrated scale for measuring specific gravity in the range of 1.000 to 1.040 |
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|
Term
| Additional mass provided by the dissolved substances in the urine specimen cause |
|
Definition
| cause the float to displace less volume. The calibrated scale indicates the specific gravity. |
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|
Term
| Principle disadvantage or using a urinometer |
|
Definition
| requirement of a large volume of specimen |
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|
Term
| Urinometer-Required Corrections: temperature |
|
Definition
| Deviations in temperature from the calibrated temperature for the urinometer require correction to the obtained results |
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|
Term
| correction factor for urinometer with temperature |
|
Definition
A correction of -0.001 is required for every 3 C below standard temperature (20 C)
+0.001 change is required for each 3 C change above standard temperature |
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|
Term
| Urinometer-Required Corrections: protein/glucose |
|
Definition
| Corrections are required when large amounts of protein or glucose are present in the sample owing to their large molecular weight. Neither have any relationship to the kidney’s concentrating ability |
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|
Term
| correction factor for urinometer with protein |
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Definition
| For each gram of protein/dL a –0.003 correction to the obtained result is required |
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|
Term
| correction factor for urinometer with glucose |
|
Definition
| For each gram of glucose/dL a –0.004 correction to the obtained result is required |
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Term
|
Definition
| measures the extent to which light is bent (i.e. refracted) when it moves from air into a sample and is typically used to determine the index of refraction (aka refractive index) of a liquid sample. |
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Term
|
Definition
| small sample size, temperature correction not required correction for protein and glucose required but refractometer is less affected |
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|
Term
| Specific gravity of plasma entering glomerulus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine specimen with specific gravity equal to 1.010 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine specimen with specific gravity below 1.010 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine specimen with specific gravity above 1.010 |
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|
Term
| all concentrated urines are hypethruric |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Normal random urine ranges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormally high results (>1.035) |
|
Definition
| seen after IVP (radiocontrast dye effect) and in patients receiving high molecular weight IV’s |
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