Term
|
Definition
| a system in which groups of people are divided into llayerss according to their relative prestige, property and power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to move from one level of stratification to another |
|
|
Term
| intergenerational mobility |
|
Definition
when children end up on different "rung' of the social class ladder than their parents
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| climbing the social class ladder and achieving higher levels of social status or falling down the social class ladder as a result of troubles (job loss) or issues (higher unemployment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system in which people are owned and sold as a commodity for cash, goods or service |
|
|
Term
| main causes of slavery historically |
|
Definition
| to pay off debt, work off crime, or via prisoners of war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of stratification where there islittle or no social mobility and status is predefined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ascribed status and is maintained through marriage withing the caste, are hereditary and often are religiously dictated |
|
|
Term
| examples of caste systems |
|
Definition
| Hinduism in India prior to the 1950s, and Apartheid in Sounth Africa between the 1940s-1990s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of landowners and peasants, where mobility is extremely limited |
|
|
Term
| what replaced the estate system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of achieved class statuses in which rankings are determined by economic standing and social mobility is possible |
|
|
Term
| Karl Marx believed class was determined by: |
|
Definition
| one's relationship to the means of production |
|
|
Term
| Marx's three social classes |
|
Definition
| Bourgeoisie, proletariat, lumpen proletariat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| owners of the means of production; exploited the working class in pursuit of profit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the means of production; working class who sold their labor to the bourgeoisie (long hours, little pay, highly exploited but didnt know it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no contribution to the means of production; "lowest" class |
|
|
Term
| Max Weber believed that class was determined by: |
|
Definition
| not by one thing, but by a combination of three characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Three Characteristics that Max Weber believed determined class |
|
Definition
| Class, Status group, Power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people with similar levels of wealth and income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people with the same prestige or lifestyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to control others, even against their will |
|
|
Term
| three measures of social class |
|
Definition
| Objective methods, multiple methods, self-identification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class is viewed as a statistical categorin in which the researcher, rather than the one being measured, identifies the position; considers wealth, income, prestige, esteem, education, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clas is measured using a wide variety of criteria and variables, allowing for more complex study of socioeconomic status (SES) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| placing oneself in a social class based on comparing oneself with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals with great wealth who dominate the economic system of the U.S., but represent only 1% of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "old money"...ascribed status that is present from bith. Enjoy all the benefits of education, privilege, wealth, power, prestige, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "new money"... achieved status that is earned through hard work; may have more wealth, power, or prestige than elite, but will never BE elite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
professionals and others with well-paying, well-respected occupations
can exert power, well educated, disposable income, significant savings, security in interruption in income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semi-professionals, skilled tradespeople, and those in lower management
less able to exert power, les educated, less disposable income, very short time of stability with interruption in income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
service personell and other "blue-collar" workers
little ability to gain power, minimally educated, little or no disposable income, often no savings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those who work full-time but are still unable to maintain a minimum standard of living
poorly educated, rely on government/state aid, live in substandard housing, may not be a permanent condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those who are completely dependent on social assistance for survival
unemployed most of the year, series of compounding problems (homeless, substance abuse, poor health) highly stigmatized in american society and hard to escape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society; usually aligned with income, tied to the job, not necessarily the person holding the job |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reputation a person has earned within an occupation; tied with individual in the position, not always coiniciding with prestige |
|
|
Term
| c. wright mills' power elite model |
|
Definition
| power is concentrated in the hands of an exclusive group made up of the government, military, and leaders of the economy; known as "power elite" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups formed to sway political decisions, that may influence the "power elite" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have little or no power in this model, other than voting or being able to influence/participate in special interest groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represented by (assets+income) - debt = wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to meet a set standard of living; objective measure of poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being poor in comparison to otherss; subjective measure of poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| official measures used to determine the poverty rate in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simplified version of the poverty thresholds used to determine eligibility for federal assistance programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who have been singled out based on some physical characteristic |
|
|
Term
| social construction of race |
|
Definition
| when biological categories are given social meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that race somehow determines human ability, and some groups are "naturally" inferior as a result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| racism that is condoned or mandated as a part of institutional policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who share comon material and non-material cultural characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a common set of internalized roles based on ethnicity that make up a part of a person's self-concept (the ethnic group to which you fell you belong) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their lives than the dominant group |
|
|
Term
| 5 basic properties of a minority group |
|
Definition
| subjected to unewual treatment, common cultural o physical characteristics that distinguish them, membership is involuntary and is an ascribed status, members may develop a strong sense of solidarity, members are encouraged to preactice endogamy (marrying someone with traits similar to yourself) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a negative attitued toward an entire category of people based on a sigle characteristic such as race, ethnicity, gender, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to judge others against your own standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the denial of opportunity and equal rights to individuals and goups based on prejudice or other arbitrarty reasons |
|
|
Term
| institutional driscrimination |
|
Definition
| discrimination that results from normal operations of a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid, inaccurate images that summarize beliefs about entire categories of people; often based on a person's prejudice, & may result in discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the dominant groups exterminates the minority group; also known as annihilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the dominant group forces the minority group to leave |
|
|
Term
| direct population transfer |
|
Definition
| when the dominant group expels the minority group through force or threat of force |
|
|
Term
| indirect population transfer |
|
Definition
| when the dominant group makes conditions unpleasant enough that the minority group will leave on it's own accord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the dominant group exploits the subordinate group (ex. slavery in america) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the dominant group separates itself from the minority group in some way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the minority group is made to be more like the dominant group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minority group is forced to adopt cultural elements of the majority group against their will; may involve a time limit or penalties for non-compliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the minority group is encouraged to assimilate at their own pace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when all groups are treated as equal and unique, and there is no minority or majority |
|
|
Term
| merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination |
|
Definition
| four types of people: integration, latent bigotry, institutional discrimination, outright bigotry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neither prejudice nor discrimates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prejudice but does not discriminate |
|
|
Term
| intitutional discrimination |
|
Definition
| is not prejudice, but will discriminate and follow the crowd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prejudice and discriminates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes an individual's biological traits, ascribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural qualities associated with being male or female, learned through socialization, considered ascribed characteristic as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which we learn what it means to be male or female |
|
|
Term
| agents of gender socialization |
|
Definition
| generally the same agents responsible for primary & secondary socialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outward symbols or actions that represent a person's gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expected behaviors for men and women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illogical and often incorrect assumptions made about ALL members of gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social arrangement in which men have power over women, based on traditional gender roles; one of the underlying causes of ongoing gender inequality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| women may be funneled into careers with lower pay & presitge, and within those fields the higher postions are still held by men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jobs that are traditionally associated with and held by women, may still be a result of residual education inequality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a woman is paid less than a man in that same postion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invisible barrier that keeps women from obtaining"better" careers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a women works a full day at a job and is expected to fulfill "female" roles at home, leavinglittle time for eduction, training, overtime, or freetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the "second shift" or other family obligations don't allow women to seek career advancement opportunities, puting them at a disadvantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traditionally, women were often excluded from networking due to where it would take place; today there is much more equality in networking opportunities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the building blocks of society - the components that make up the whole; universal constants |
|
|
Term
| functions of social institutions |
|
Definition
| answer universal questions, solve societal problems, address scoietal issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in all societies, regardless of size or complexity; family, government, economy, religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolve to meet needs of large, complex societies; education, medicine, social control, and media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest political autority in a given territory; abstract set of ideologies; larger than the pople who run the it; can remain unchanged for long periods of time; change occurs thorugh slow societal change or a drastic event, suc as a revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the set of people who direct the state; may change on a regular basis, change can be planned (elections), by chance (abdication or death) or force (coup d'etat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| authoritarian state, totalitarian state, democratic state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people are excluded from government process; little or no opposition to government is accepted; little interest in the day to day lives of peole as long as they are not questioning or challenging |
|
|
Term
| types of authoritarian governments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule by a single leader, long-term, stable states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruler by a small group of military leaders, temprorary, in areas that are politically unstable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| government has unlimited power over all aspects of citizens life; tolerates no oppostion whatsoever; exercises close control and ensure power is not wuestion through use of spying |
|
|
Term
| types of totalitarian governments |
|
Definition
| dictatorships and oligarchies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule by a single leader; long-term/life-time appointment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule by a small goup, generally short lived, occur after a revolution or coup d'etat; may evolve into a dictatorship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people have input into the government, can elect/dismiss their leaders on a regular basis |
|
|
Term
| two forms of democratic states |
|
Definition
| direct democracy and representational democracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all citizens particpate directly in government; common in small or traditional societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| citizens can elect people to participate in government on their behalf; common inlarge industrial societies |
|
|
Term
| Max Weber's categories of power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using power legitimately, or in a way that society approves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using power illegitimately, or in a way that society disapproves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involve the distribution of power accross societal institutions, organizations & individuals and the related political processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes with regulations specified within codified law, legal documents, or other formally defined sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes not formally codified, but which are still vital to the overall political process |
|
|
Term
| special interest groups (SIG) |
|
Definition
| organizations of people who share common interests and can be mobilized for political action; governed by some formal rules, but most rely on informal political processes to operate |
|
|
Term
| political action committees |
|
Definition
| groups to raise money for SIGs and the candidates who (may) support them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals hired by SIGs to influence legislation on behalf of their clients |
|
|
Term
| three roles of the economy as a social institution |
|
Definition
| determine what will be produced, determin how production will be accomplished, determine how to distribute what is produced |
|
|
Term
| two general types of economies |
|
Definition
| subsistence and industrial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people gather what they needed for survival with little or no surpluse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people mass produce & distribute goods, and collect surplus, profit & wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| government controls prices, wages and key industries; goods are distributed based on need; lower levels of comparative inequality and poverty; more government involvement = more bureaucracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimal government involvement; pursuit of profit is key; goods distributed based on abiity to pay; potential for individual success and wealth is high; high potential for poverty and inequality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| markets controlled by personal forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| businesses privately owned |
|
|
Term
| monthly unemployment survey |
|
Definition
tracks those out of work and actively seeking employment; excludes children, retired persons, people who have stopped looking for work, those without permanent address; migrant workers and illegal immigrands are underreported
|
|
|
Term
| monthly unemployment rate |
|
Definition
| most watched indicator for economic performance; fluctuations have ranged from 2% - 25%; even small fluctuations are watched closely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wasted human capital; double draw on societal resources; crime; stigma; job loss anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals who are related to one another by blood, marriage, or social practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social bonds created by marriage; can be created on purpose or by chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bonds connecting those not related by blood or marriage; a "social practice" |
|
|
Term
| three ways fictive kinships can form |
|
Definition
| overtime; through tramatic events; through charity or charitable acts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are a lot larger, women get married at a very early age, higher infant mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| traditional society families |
|
Definition
| smaller families, children later in life, use of bc and condomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family of orientation and family of procreation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the family you are born or adopted into that raises you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the family you create through marriage and/or childbearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| husband, wife and ther children by birth or adoption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spouses and there children from former marriages life togerther creating a "new" nuclear family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when divorced spouses remarry and children spend time in each household |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more generations of kin functioning as a single unit, sharing space, finances & household duties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when generatiosn of a family maintain close ties, but live seperately and independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children spend most or all of their time with one parent (at a time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living together as if married, without legal bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same sex parent raise children; same structure as nuclear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period between the decision to marry and marriage itself; varies in length and not all will go through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traditionally a marriage between one man and one woman; now can include same sex legal partnerships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage consisting of multiple partners at same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one spouse leaves and never returns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spouse agree to take time apart, either temporarily or as a precursor to divorce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooling off period, where one spouse leaves for a short period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period directly preceding a divorce in which spouses begin to sever marital bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| declares a marriage null and void |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used together with a legal divorce; not legally binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognized by the state; legally binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state recognized dissolution of legal marital ties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separate but equal; established legalized segragation 1896 |
|
|
Term
| brown v board of education |
|
Definition
| overturn of plessy; called for immediate desegregation 1954 |
|
|
