Term
|
Definition
| What are the 3 domains of life? |
|
|
Term
Plankton (floaters)
Nekton (swimmers)
Benthos (Bottom dwellers) |
|
Definition
| What are the classification of marine life? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are more than _____ identifed marine species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most species live where in the seawater? |
|
|
Term
-find food
-avoid predatation
-reproduce
-cope with physical barriers |
|
Definition
A species' success depends on the ability to:
-
-
-
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine organisms are adapted to the ocean's what? |
|
|
Term
-monera
-protoctista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia |
|
Definition
| what are the 5 kindoms used to classify living organisms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simplest organisms, single celled
cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single- and multicelled with nucleus
algae, protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multicelled, photosythentic plants
surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, marsh grasses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multicelled animals
Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed basis of modern classification of organisms (Taxonomy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systematic classification of organisms
-physical characteristics
-Genetic information |
|
|
Term
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species |
|
Definition
| What are the taxonomy groups? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which one of the taxonomy groups is the fundemental unit & population of genetically similiar, interbreeding individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many species are there on the planet? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent is land species? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent is marine species? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the marine species what percent is benthic & what percent is pelagic? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most biomass on earth consists of what? |
|
|
Term
-phytoplankton (autotrophic)
-zooplankton (heterotrophic) |
|
Definition
| what are the two types of plankton? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacterioplankton
-virioplanton
-holoplankton (entire lives as plankton)
-meroplankton (part of lives as plankton & juvenile or larval stages)
-macroplankton (large floaters such as jellyfish or sargassum)
-picoplankton (very small floaters such as bacterioplankton) |
|
|
Term
1. benthic egg sacs
2. planktonic larvae
3. nektonic adults
4. mating |
|
Definition
| what is the life cycle of a squid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pelagic animals such as adult squids, fish and mammals that are active swimmers to the extent that they can determine their position in the ocean by simming
-inderpendent swimmers, most adult fish and squid, marine mammals, and marine reptiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the forms of marine life that live on the ocean bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-live on the surface of the sea floor
- animals that live on the ocean bottom, either attached or moving freely
-is a member of the benthos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-live buried in sediments
-animals that live buried in the soft substrate (sand or mud)
-is a member of the benthos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-swim or crawl through water above the seafloor
-those members of the benthosthat can actively swim and spend much time off the bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benthos are most abundent where? |
|
|
Term
| perpetual darkness, coldness, & stillness |
|
Definition
| many live in ___, ___, & ___. |
|
|
Term
| hydrothermal vent communities |
|
Definition
was discovered in 1977
abundant and large deep-ocean benthos
associated with hot vents
bacteria-like archaeon produce food using heat and chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is more stable: land or marine enviroment? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms in the ocean are less ablt to withstand what changes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine animals do not risk what? |
|
|
Term
| adaptation of marine organisms physical support |
|
Definition
-buoyancy
-fricitonal resistance to sinking to maintain their desired position
-different support structures in cold (fewer)rahter than warm (more appendages) seawater
-smaller size |
|
|
Term
1. high surface area to volume ratio (unusual appendages to increase surface area)
2. oil in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy |
|
Definition
| what are 2 adaptation of marine organisms to their size? |
|
|
Term
| a substances internal resistance to flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
having a shape that offers the least resistance to fluid flowallows marine organisms to overcome water's viscosity and move more easily through water
makes smaller wake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape for stramlined animals usually consist of? |
|
Definition
flattened body & tapering back end
(whales & dolphins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ocean has a much narrower range of what than on land? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the daily, seasonally, and annually, temperatures in water have much smaller what than on land? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep ocean is mearly ______ in temperature |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons why ocean temperature is more stable than land temperature |
|
Definition
-higher heat capacity of water
-ocean warming reduced by evaporation
-solar radiation penetrates deeply into ocean layers
-ocean mixing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species are what in size in cooler seawater? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speciese have _______ appendages in warmer seawater |
|
|
Term
grow faster
live shorter
reproduce more often |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more species in _____ seawater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more biomass in _____ seawater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organisms withstand small variation in temperature
-typicaly live in open ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-organisms withstand large variation in temperature
-typically live in coastal waters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-organisms withstand only small variation in salinity
-typically live in open ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-organisms withstand large variation in salinity
-typically live in coastal waters e.g..estuaries |
|
|
Term
| silica (SiO2) & calcium carbonate (CaCO2) |
|
Definition
| some organisms extract minerals from ocean water which two minerals do they do this with to construct the hard parts of their bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules of soluble substances, such as nutrients, move through water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until the distribution of the substance is uniform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water molecules always move away from the less concentrated solution into the more concentrated solution is a process called ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution to prevent water molecules from passing into it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the property of having equal osmotic pressure. if two such fluids were separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur, there would be no net transfer of water molecules across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having a higher osmotic pressure (salinity) than another aqueous solution from which it is separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur. The hypertonic fluid will gain water molecules through the membrane from the other fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having a lower osmotic pressure (salinity) than another aqueous solution from which it is separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur. The hypotonic fluid will lose water molecules through the membrane to the other fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-drink large quantites of water
-secrete salt through special cells
-small volume of highly concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| freshwater fish (hypertonic) |
|
Definition
-do not drink
-cells absorb salt
-large volume of dilute urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals extract dissolved oxygen (02) from seawater through what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide directly with seawater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ marine oxygen levels can kill fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gill ____ & _____ varies among animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do marine organisms see well or not? |
|
|
Term
elude predators
stalk prey |
|
Definition
some marine organisms are nearly transparent
this is to do what two things? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms can camouflage through _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark on top, light on bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large bold patterns, contrasting colors, make animal blend into background |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water pressure increases about how much with every 10 meters (33 feet) deeper? |
|
|
Term
| they do not have inner air pockets (lungs, ear canals, or other passageways) so they can not feel the high pressure pushing in on their bodies. also theire bodies ware water filled so the same amount of pressure is pushing outward and they are unnaffected by the high pressures some also have collapsible ribe cages (e.g., sperm whale) |
|
Definition
| how can marine organisms withstand such high pressures? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of the enviornment that has distinctive biological characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oceanic biozones are the ___ & _____ enviornments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pertaining to the ocean bottom
sea floor
subneritic & suboceanic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the open ocean which is divided into the neritic province (water depth 0to 200 meters or 656 feet) and the oceanic province (water depth greater than 200 meters or 656 feet) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from shore seaward, all water less than 200 meters deep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth increases beyond 200 meters |
|
|
Term
-epipelagic (only zone to support photosynthesis; dissolved oxygen decreases around 200 meters)
-mesopelagic (organisms capable of bioluminescence common)
-bathypelagic
-abyssopelagic |
|
Definition
oceanic province is further subdivied into 4 biozones:
-
-
-
- |
|
|
Term
| oxygen minimum layer (OML) |
|
Definition
a zone of low dissolved oxygen concentration that occurs at a depth of about 700 to 1000 meters (2300 to 3280 feet)
nutrient maxium at about same depths
o2 content increases with depth below |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light organically produced by a chemical reaction. found in bacteria, phytoplankton, and various fishes (esp. deep sea fishes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface to where enough light exists to support photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small but measurable quantities of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the transitional region from land to sea floor above the spring high tide line
commonly called the pray zone, it is covered with water only durings periods of extremely high tides and when tsunami or large storm waves break on the shore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-supralittoral
-subneritic
-suboceanic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the spring high tide shoreline to a depth of 200 meters (660 feet) approximately encompassing the continental shelf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the benthic environment below 200 meters (660 feet) |
|
|
Term
-littoral
-sublittoral
-inner
-outter |
|
Definition
| the subneritic province is subdivided into the what two zones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the suboceanic province is into what three zones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the benthic zone between the highest and lowest spring tide shorelines; also known as the interidal zone |
|
|
Term
| sublittoral (subtidal) zone |
|
Definition
| the portion of the benthic enviornment extending from the low tide to a depth of 200 meters (660 feet); considered by some to be the surface of the continental shelf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the zone on the inner continental shelf, above the intersectionwith the euphotic zone, where attached plants grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the continental shelf below the intersection with the euphotic zone where no plants grow attached to the bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the benthic enviornment between the depths of 200-4000 meters (660 feet-13,000 feet). it includes mainly the continental slope and the oceanic ridges and rises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the benthic enviornment between 4000 and 6000 meters (13,000 and 20,000 feet) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the deepest ocean enviornment, specifically that of ocean trenches deeper than 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) |
|
|
Term
| productivity & photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| ____ is the same as ____, which is affected by sunlight & nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| productivity is globally & seasonally what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feeding relationships are represented by what 2 things? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oceans are bein over fished or under fished? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate at which energy is stored in organic matter |
|
|
Term
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis |
|
Definition
_______ uses solar radiation
________ uses chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of the ocean's biomass relies directly or indirectly on photosynthesis for food? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total mass of a defined organisms or group of organisms within a particular community or in the ocean as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which bacteria or archae synthesize organic molecules from nonorganic nutrients using chemical energy released from the bonds of a chemical compound (such as hydrogen sulfide) by oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which plants and algae produce carbohdraytes from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, using light energy and releasing oxygen |
|
|
Term
- directly (capture plankton in plankton nets; analysis of the amounts & types of organisms captured reveals about how much productivity in the area)
-measure radioactive carbon in seawater
-monitor ocean color with satelites (green pigment chlorophyll or SeaWiFs) |
|
Definition
3 ways to measure primary productivity
-
-
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of green pigments that make it possible for plants to carry on photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an insturment aboard the seastar satellite launched in 1997 that measures the color of the ocean with a radiometer and provides global coverage of ocean chlorophyll levels as well as land productivities every two days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plankton-extracting device that is coneshaped and typically of a silk material. it is towed through the water or lifted vertically to extract plankton down to a size of 50 micrometers (0.0002 inch) |
|
|
Term
-nitrate
-phosphorous
-iron
-silica |
|
Definition
the distrubtion of life throughout the ocean's beadth and depth depends mainly on the availability on nutrients such as:
-
-
-
- |
|
|
Term
river runoff
continental margins |
|
Definition
| most of these nutrients come from ____ & ____ are very high in these areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon:nitrate:phosphorus (C:N:P) in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of 106:16:1 named after american oceanographer Alfred C. Redfeild who first described it in 1963. |
|
|
Term
| uppermost surface seawater & shallow seafloor |
|
Definition
| photosynethesis in the ocean is restricted to the _____ & _____ where the water is shallow enough to allow light (solar radiation) to penetrate the water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the depth at which net photosynethsis becomes zero |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the surface down to the compensation depth for photosynthesis which is approximately 100 meters (330 feet) in the open ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most solar energy fall in the range of wave lengthes called _____. not ultraviolet or infared. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spectum of radiant energy emitted from stars and ranging between cosmic rays with wavelengths of less than 10 to 11 centimeters (4 to 4.3 inches) and very long waves with wavelenthes in excess of 100 kilometers (60 miles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which wavelengthes penetrate the deepest? |
|
|
Term
| longer (red, orange, yellow) |
|
Definition
| ____ wavelengthes are absorbed first |
|
|
Term
| deep blue to yellow-green |
|
Definition
| color of ocean ranges from ____ to ____ |
|
|
Term
1. the amount of turbidity from runoff
2. the amount of photosynthetic pigment, which increases with increasing biological production |
|
Definition
| why are some areas of the ocean blue whereas others appear green? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of high producitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exhibiting low levels of biological production, such as the centers of subtropical gyres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which deep, cold nutrient-laden water is brought to the surface, usually by diverging equatorial currents or coastal currents that pull water away from a coast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measures water transparency
a light-colored disk-shaped device that is lowered into water in order to measure the water's ability to transmit llight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooler, deeper seawater is ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas of coastal upwelling are sites of ____ productivity |
|
|
Term
anthophyta-(seed-bearing plant)
macroscopic (large) algea
microscopic (small) algea
photosynthetic bacteria |
|
Definition
| photosynthetic marine organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only in shallow coastal waters
primarily grasses and mangroves |
|
|
Term
| macroscopic (large) algea |
|
Definition
"seaweeds"
brown algea, green algae, red algae
most abundant and most widespread
varied colors |
|
|
Term
| microscopic (small) algea |
|
Definition
produce food for 99% of marine animals
most planktonic
*golden algae (diatoms-tests made of silica: coccolithophores-plates of calcium carbonate)
*dinoflagellates (red tide-harmful algal bloom, toxins, fish kills, human illness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a member of the class bacillariophyceae of algae that possesses a wall of overlapping silica valves |
|
|
Term
| coccolithophores (golden algae) |
|
Definition
| a microscopic planktonic form of algae encased by a covering composed of calcareous discs (coccoliths) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single-celled microscopic planktonic organism that may possess chlorophyll and belong to the phylum Pyrrophyta (autotrophic) or may ingest food and belong to the class Mastigophora of the phylum Protozoa (heterotrophic) |
|
|
Term
| red tide (dinoflagellates) |
|
Definition
| a reddish-brown discoloration of surface water usually in coastal areas, caused by high concentration of microscopic organisms, usually dinoflagellates. It probably results from increased availability of certain nutrients. Toxins produced by the dinoflagellens may kill fish directly; decaying plant and animal remains or large populations of animals that migrate to the area of abundant plants may also deplete the surface waters of oxygen and cause asphyxiation of many animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extremely small
may be reasonible for half of total photosynthetic biomass in oceans
exert critical influence on marine ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| wieght of carbon (grams of carbon) per unit of area (square meter), per unit of time (year) |
|
Definition
gC/m2/yr
-typical units of photosynthetic production are measured like this |
|
|
Term
| 1 gC/m2/yr- 4000 gC/m2/yr |
|
Definition
| Regional primary productivity values range from _____ to _____ |
|
|
Term
-uneven distribution of nutrients
-changes in availabilty of sunlight |
|
Definition
regional primary productivity variates based on:
-
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of biomass from euphotic zone decomposes before descending? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only what percent of organic matter is not decomposed in the deep ocean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moves material from euphotic zome to sea floor
the movement of CO2 that enters the ocean from the atmosphere through the water column to the sediment on the ocean floor by biological processes-photosynthesis, secretion of shells, feeding, and dying |
|
|
Term
| thermoclines and pycnoclines |
|
Definition
| subtropical gyre ____ and ____ prevent the resupply of nutrients to the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of water beneath the mixed water in which a rapid change in temperature can be measureed in the vertical demension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of water in which a high rate of change in density in the vertical dimension is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large, circular-moving lopp of water that is centered at about 30 degrees latitude and is initated by the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies. A total of five exist, with rotation clockwise in the northern hemisphere & counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polar oceans have continous ___ for about 3 monthes in winter & continuoes ____ for about 3 monthes of summer |
|
|
Term
phytoplankton
mainly small crustaceans |
|
Definition
| in the polar oceans ____ (diatoms) bloom then following zooplankton (___ ___ ____) productivity follows because they feed on them |
|
|
Term
| Artic ocean's barents sea |
|
Definition
| an example of the polar ocean productitvy is the ___________ which is off the northern coast of europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the antarctic productivity slightly greater or the artic productivity? |
|
|
Term
| north atlantic deep water |
|
Definition
upwells near antarctica
a deep-water mass that forms primarily at the surface of the norwegian sea and moves south along the floor of the north atlantic ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a recent study of antarctic waters documented as mush as a 12 % decrease in phytoplankton producitvity because of increased ultraviolet radiation as a result of the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| density and temperature change very little with depth in polar regions so these waters are _____ and there is no barrier to mixing between surface waters and depper, nutrient rich waters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In polar regions in the summertime melting ice creates a thin, low-salinity layer that does not readily mix with the depper waters. This helps phytoplankton from being carried into deeper darker waters. Instead they are concentrated in the ____ ____ waters, where they reproduce continuously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what animal migrates to feed on maxium zooplankton productivity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| productivity is low in tropical regions of the open ocean because a permenant _____ produces a strastification (layering) of water masses |
|
|
Term
-equatorial upwelling
-coastal upwelling
-coral reefs |
|
Definition
tropical oceans have high primary productivity in areas of:
-
-
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of deeper nutrient-rich water mass as a result of divergence of currents along the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of deeper nutrient-rich water into the surface water mass as a result of windblown surface water moving offshore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-symbiotic algae, recycle nutrientswithin the ecosystem
-a calcareous organic reef composed significantly of solid coral and coral sand. Algae may be responsible for more than half of the CaCO3 reef material. Found in waters where the minium average monthly temperature is 18 degrees C or higher |
|
|
Term
-available sunlight
-available nutrients |
|
Definition
temperate ocean productivity is limited by:
-
- |
|
|
Term
-many nutrients, little sunlight
-spring bloom
-few nutrients, abundant sunlight
-fall bloom |
|
Definition
temperate ocean productivity is a highly seasonal pattern:
-winter low: ____
-spring high: ____
-summer low: _____
-fall high; ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-assemblage of organisms in definable area
-the living organisms that inhabit an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-biotic community plus environment
-all the organisms in a biotic community and the abiotic environmental factors with which they interact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy flow is unidirectional based on ___ ____ input. |
|
|
Term
-producers
-consumers
-decomposers |
|
Definition
three categories of organisms:
-
-
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nourish themselves with photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
-autotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-eat other organisms
-heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -break down dead organisms or waste |
|
|
Term
-herbivores
-carnivores
-omnivores
-bacteriovores |
|
Definition
-eats plants
-eat other animals
-eat plants and animals
-eat bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the natural cycling of compounds among the living and nonliving compents of an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| suspension feeding or filter feeding |
|
Definition
| take in seawater and filter out usable organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take in detritus and sediment and extract usuable organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capture and eat other animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nourishment level in a food chain. Plant prodcuers constitute the lowest level, followed by herbivores and a series of carnivores at the higher levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ energy is transferred from producers to consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about what percent of energy is transferred to next trophic level? |
|
|
Term
| gross ecological efficiency |
|
Definition
| the amount of energy passed on from a trophic level to the one above it divided by the amount it recieved from the one below it |
|
|
Term
| primary producer->herbivore->one or more carnivores |
|
Definition
food chains:
_____->_____->______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-branching network of many consumers
-consumers more likely to survive with alternative food sources
-a group of interrelated food chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the passage of entergy materials from producers through a sequence of a herbivore and a number of carnivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the number of individuals and total biomass decreases at successive trophic levels
-organisms increase in size
-a representation of trophic levels that illustrates the progressive decrease in total biomass at successive higher levels of the pyramid |
|
|
Term
| most fished to least fished |
|
Definition
1. nontropical shelves
2. tropical shelves
3. upwellings
4. coastal & coral systems
5. open ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is the largest marine fishery area? |
|
|
Term
| upwelling make up 0.1% of ocean surface area |
|
Definition
| what is the problem that over 20% of marine fisheries come from the upwellings? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the mass present in the ecosystem at any given time
-the mass of fishery organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the mass present in the ecosystem at any given time
-the mass of fishery organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fish stock harvested to rapidly, juveniles not sexually mature to reproduce
-a situation that occurs when adult fish in a population are havested faster than their natural rate of reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fish stock harvested to rapidly, juveniles not sexually mature to reproduce
-a situation that occurs when adult fish in a population are havested faster than their natural rate of reproduction |
|
|
Term
| maximum sustainable yield (MSY) |
|
Definition
the maxium fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem
-it has reduced |
|
|
Term
| maximum sustainable yield (MSY) |
|
Definition
the maxium fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem
-it has reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of available fish stock is exploited,overexploited, or depleted/recovering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of available fish stock is exploited,overexploited, or depleted/recovering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what fish group is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what fish group is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ fish production, _____ stocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ fish production, _____ stocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the mass present in the ecosystem at any given time
-the mass of fishery organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the mass present in the ecosystem at any given time
-the mass of fishery organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fish stock harvested to rapidly, juveniles not sexually mature to reproduce
-a situation that occurs when adult fish in a population are havested faster than their natural rate of reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fish stock harvested to rapidly, juveniles not sexually mature to reproduce
-a situation that occurs when adult fish in a population are havested faster than their natural rate of reproduction |
|
|
Term
| maximum sustainable yield (MSY) |
|
Definition
the maxium fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem
-it has reduced |
|
|
Term
| maximum sustainable yield (MSY) |
|
Definition
the maxium fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem
-it has reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of available fish stock is exploited,overexploited, or depleted/recovering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of available fish stock is exploited,overexploited, or depleted/recovering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what fish group is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what fish group is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ fish production, _____ stocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ fish production, _____ stocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ species are taken incidentally by comercial fisherman |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bycatch maybe up to how many more times more than the intended catch?
-birds, turtles, dolphins, sharks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what two animals swim together? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what do fisherman use to catch tuna & would catch dolphins to? |
|
|
Term
| Marine mammals protection act |
|
Definition
-addendum for dolphins
-an act by U.S. congrss in 1972 that specifies rules to protect marine mammals in U.S. waters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine organisms that are caught incedintally by fishers seeking comercial species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-banned in 1989 with the International Convention of Pacific Long Driftnet Fishing
-made of monofilament fishing line that is virtually invisible and cannot be detected by most marine animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-regulate fishing
-conflicting interests
-human employment
-self-sustaining marine ecosystems
-international waters
-enforcement difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ animals use a variety of adaptions to help them survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what mammals share similar characteristic with what mammals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine animals avoid sinking. some increase their ____ to remain in near-surface waters |
|
|
Term
rigid gas container
swim bladders |
|
Definition
| generally animals can use two things to achieve neutral buoyancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of air in their bodies regulatels their density, so they can remain at a particular depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gas-containing, flexible, cigarshaped organ that aids many fishes in attaining neutral buoyancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the supporting skeloton or skull (usually microscopic) of many invertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zooplankton produce tiny droplets of what to help mantain at or near neutral buoyancy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharks have s very large, oil-rich ____ to help reduce their density and float more easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to swim in larger pelagic animals such as fish and marine mammals can maintain their position in the water column by swimming and can also swim easily against the currents. because of their swimming abilty some of these organsisms can go on long migrations. |
|
|
Term
| microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests |
|
Definition
-radiolarians
-foraminifers
-copepods |
|
|
Term
| krill (macroscopic zooplankton) |
|
Definition
-resemble mini shrimp or large copepods
-abundant near antarctica
-critical in antarctic food chains |
|
|
Term
| cnidarians (floating macroscopic zooplankton) |
|
Definition
| a phylum that contains some 10,000 species of predominantly marine animals with a sack-like body and stringing cells on tentacles that surround the single opening to the gut cavity. There are 2 basic body forms. The medusa is a pelagic form represented by the jellyfish. The polp is a predominatly benthic form found in sea anemones and coral. Previously named Coelenterata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(portuguese man-of-war); gas filled float
-a class of cnidarians that characteristically exhibit alternation of genreation, with sessile polypoid colony giving rise to a pelagic medusoid form by asexual budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(jellyfish); soft, low-density bodies
-a class of cnidarians that includes the true jellyfish in which the medusoid body form predominates and the polp is reduced or absent |
|
|
Term
| fish, squid, sea turtles, marine mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trapping water & expelling it |
|
Definition
| swim by do what with water? e.g. some squid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swim by ____ body from front to back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired vertical fins on a fish are used to do what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for ___ & ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tail fin (caudal) is used for what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flexible fins
maneuver at slow speeds |
|
|
Term
| truncate fins & forked fins |
|
Definition
| which fins are useful for both maneuvering and thrust? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fins that are rigid, little maneuverability & efficient propulsion for fast swimmer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fins that are asymmetrical and life for buoyancy (shark) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wait for prey and pounce (grouper), mainly white muscle tissue
-fish that sits motionless on the sea floor waiting for prey to appear a quick burst of speed over a short distance is used to capture prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-actively seek prey (tuna), mostly red muscle tissue
-fish that constantly cruise pelagic waters in search of food |
|
|
Term
| adptations for finding prey |
|
Definition
-swimming speed
-speed genreally proportional to size
-can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most fish are ___-blooded-poikilothermic
-bodies same temperature as environment
-not fast swimmers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some fish are ___-blooded-homeothermic
-found in warmer enviornments
-helps them capture prey |
|
|
Term
| adaptions of deep-water nekton |
|
Definition
-mainly fish that consume detritus or each other
-lack of abundant food
-bioluminescence (photophores)
-large, sensitive eyes
-large sharp teeth
-expandable bodies
-hinged jaws
-counterillumination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. any loose material produced directly from rock disintegration
2. material resulting from the disintegration of dead organic remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of several types of light-producing organs found primarily on fishes and squids inhabiting the mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| camoflaging by using bioluminescence to match the color and intensity of dim filitered sunlight from above and obliterate a telltale show |
|
|
Term
| adaptations to avoid predation |
|
Definition
-schooling
-symbiosis
-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
-poisons
-speed
-mimicry
-transparency
-camouflage
-countershading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-safety in numbers
-school may appear as single larger unit
-schooling maneuversconfuse predator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more organisms mutually benefit from association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less dominant organism benefits without harming host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both organisms benefit (ex: clown fish & anemone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasite benefits at expense of host |
|
|
Term
prominent canine teeth
all order carnivora |
|
Definition
| sea otters, polar bears, and pinnipeds all have what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| walruses, seals, sea lions, fur seals |
|
|
Term
| coastal areas of tropical atlantic ocean |
|
Definition
| manatees are found where? |
|
|
Term
| coastal areas of indian and western pacific oceans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horizontal tain fin for vertical propulsion
whales, dolphins, porpoises |
|
|
Term
all order sirenia
herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all order cetacea
elongated skull, blowholes on top pf skull, few hairs, fluke |
|
Definition
| whales, dolphins, porpoises |
|
|
Term
-streamlined bodies
-specialized skin structure (80% water, stiff inner layer, narrow canals with spongy material) |
|
Definition
cetaceas have adapted to increase swimming speed by :
-
- |
|
|
Term
| cetacea's adaptions for deep diving |
|
Definition
-use oxygen efficiently (able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled, able to store large quantites of oxygen, able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs)
-muscles insensitive to buildup of carbon dioxide
-collapsible lungs |
|
|
Term
| suborder odontoceti (toothed) |
|
Definition
| dolphins, porpoises,killer whale, sperm whale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to determine distance and direction to objects
determine shape size of objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good vision of marine mammals is limited by what? |
|
|
Term
low frequency
high frequency |
|
Definition
mammals emit clicks of different pitches:
-_____- great distance
-_______-closer range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dolphins can detect schools of fish ar more than _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of whales send sound through water? |
|
|
Term
| reflected, returned to the animal, and interpreted |
|
Definition
| sound is ____, _____, & _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evolved what may help toothed whales pick up sounds? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased what may affect cetacean echolocation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
baleen whales, blue whales, finback whales, humpback whales, gray whales, right whales
-fibrous plates of baleen sieve prey items
-vocalized sounds for vairous purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-grey whales
-rorqual whales (balaenopterids, megapterids-humpback whales)
-right whales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grey whale migration is 22,000 km (13,700 miles) annual migration from coastal ____ ocean to baja california and ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is the feeding grounds for grey whales in the summer? |
|
|
Term
| breeding & birthing grounds |
|
Definition
| what takes place in tropical eastern pacific (winter) for the grey whales? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hunting of grey whale was banned when? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grey whale removed from what list in 1993 as population rebounded? |
|
|
Term
| international whaling commission |
|
Definition
| established in 1948 to manage whale hunting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1986, how many international whaling commissions banned whaling? |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to legally hunt whales |
|
Definition
-objection to IWC ban
-scientific whaling
-aboriginal subsistence whaling |
|
|
