Term
| Manifest vs latent functions |
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Definition
| Manifest functions are conscious and deliberate, the latent ones are unconscious and unintended. Ex. Manifest function of the family meal - to feed the family…Latent functions - to reinforce the bonds within the family, the sense of 'belonging' to the family. |
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| To draw a conclusion or make an inference about something — a conclusion or inference that goes beyond what one may justifiably conclude or infer based on the available evidence. For example, let's say that you observe a baseball team win the first ten games of the season and, based on these observations, you make the following generalization: the team will have a winning season. This generalization is justified by the observations you made (even though it may turn out to be wrong). On the other hand, you would be overgeneralizing if you inferred that the team will have a winning season next year, too: the observations cannot justifiably be used to predict what the team will do in a future season. |
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Definition
| Gender-blindness refers to a failure to identify or acknowledge difference on the basis of gender where it is significant |
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| Culture shock is the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that differs markedly from their own. |
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Term
| Anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| anticipatory socialization is the process that occurs when an individual develops expectations and knowledge about possible jobs and positions. |
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Definition
| Ascribed status is the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. |
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| Achieved status is a sociological term denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen |
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Term
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Definition
| Master status is a sociological term used to denote the social position, which is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual. The master status, whether ascribed or achieved, overshadows all other social positions of the status set in most or all situations. The master status is often the most important constituent in the architecture of an individual’s identity |
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Definition
| conflict among roles connected to two or more statii As most mothers can testify both parenting and working outside the home are physically and emotionally draining |
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| the stress or strain experienced by an individual when incompatible behavior, expectations, or obligations are associated with a single social role. |
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Definition
| group of persons related by common descent or heredity |
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| relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial, religious, linguistic, and certain other traits in common |
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| Mainstream pressure, through actions such as peer pressure, can force individuals to conform to the mores of the group (e.g., an obedience to the mandates of the peer group). Some have stated that they see mainstream as the antithesis of individuality. |
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Definition
| Religion is a cultural system that creates powerful and long-lasting meaning by establishing symbols that relate humanity to beliefs and values |
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Term
| material and non material culture |
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Definition
| Sociologists describe two interrelated aspects of human culture: the physical objects of the culture and the ideas associated with these objects. |
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| Cultural transmission is the process of passing on culturally relevant knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values from person to person or from culture to culture. |
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| a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting respect and equal standing for all cultural traditions |
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| a set of characteristics distinguishing between male female, particularly in the cases of men and women. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity. |
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Definition
the recognized violation of cultural norms (crime is a category of
deviance) |
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Term
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Definition
| act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. It is also known as the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested. |
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Definition
| continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position. |
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Definition
| in humans and other animals, is the presence of intermediate or atypical combinations of physical features that usually distinguish female from male. |
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Definition
| the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life |
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Term
| Patrilocality/Matrilocality |
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Definition
| relating to residence with a husband's kin group or clan… is a term referring to the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a group whose beliefs or practices are considered abnormal or bizarre.[1] The word originally denoted a system of ritual practices. |
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Definition
| is a group with distinctive religious, political or philosophical beliefs. Although in past it was mostly used to refer to religious groups, it has since expanded and in modern culture can refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles. |
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Term
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Definition
Social control-way for society to regulate individual thoughts and behaviors
1) Informal social control-parent teacher and peers
2) Formal social control-criminal justice system |
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Definition
| an individual's identification with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their biological sex |
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Term
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| sets out to interpret society as a structure with interrelated parts. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions and institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as "organs" that work toward the proper functioning of the "body" as a whole |
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Definition
many cultural traits function to advantage of some And the disadvantages of others (materialism is at the core of culture)
-Views capitalism as “natural”
-Erupts into movements for social change |
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Term
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Definition
involves seeing ourselves as others see us
-The I and the Me-by taking the role of the other, we become self-aware
-Two parts of self. 1) Subject: active and spontaneous; “I”
2) Objective: way we imagine others see us; “me” |
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Term
| Cause and Effect Relationships and Correlations |
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Definition
Correlation-two variables change together
-Cause in effect-change in one variable causes change in another
>Cause is the independent variable
>Effect is the dependent
--Spurious or false correlation-when two variables change together but
Neither causes the other (usually cause to third factor)
>>To be sure of a real cause-effect relationship…must show
-Variables are correlated
-Independent occurs before dependent
-No chance of spurious
>>Being objective-allowing the facts to speak for themselves and not be
influenced by the researchers values |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on the meaning people attach to their social world
--Focuses on meaning and sees reality. Qualitative not quantitative
--Webber was pioneer of interpretive sociology
-Interpretive sociologist observes what people do. Share meaning of the world |
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Term
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Definition
1) Authoritarian leadership-take personal charge of decision making and demand
strict compliance. Focus on instrumental concerns
2) Democratic leadership-more expressive. Tries to include everyone in decision-
Making. (less successful than authoritarian in crisis)
3) Laissez-faire leadership- least effective. Allows group to function on its own. |
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Term
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Definition
3 types of formal organizations-utilitarian, normative, coercive
-Utilitarian-pays people for their efforts. Used to make a living. (job)
-Normative-voluntary organization (red cross)
-Coercive-involuntary organization (jail) |
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Definition
| the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting others on such bases as being unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships |
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| Cultural exogamy is the marrying outside of a specific group |
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| Stratification is a hierarchy of positions with regard to economic production which influences the social rewards to those in the positions. stratification: the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group. |
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Definition
| family, media, peers, school |
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Definition
| An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare worldview), as in common sense (see Ideology in everyday society below) and several philosophical tendencies (see Political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society (a "received consciousness" or product of socialization). The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer either change in society, or adherence to a set of ideals where conformity already exists, through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. It is how society sees things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incest taboo is a term used by anthropologists to refer to a class of prohibitions, both formal and informal, stated and unstated, against incest, the practice of sexual relations between certain or close relatives, in human societies. There are various theories that seek to explain how and why an incest taboo originates. Some advocates maintain that some sort of incest taboo is universal, while others dispute its universality. Research on the incest taboo necessarily involves research into what different societies consider "incest" which, according to anthropology, varies strikingly from one society to another. The term may encompass, but is not identical to, the legal regulation of marriage by states. |
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Term
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Definition
patri-father
matri-mother
bi-both |
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Term
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Definition
RESEARCH METHODS
-Systematic plan for doing research
1) Experiment-researching cause and effect in controlled conditions
-Test specific hypothesis (statement of how variables are related)
>State which variable is dependent and independent…. measure initial
Dependent. …Expose to independent…measure ending dependent to see
Correlations (if any)
2) Survey research-subject responds to a series of statements
3) Participant observation-investigators systematically observe people while
Joining in on their routines --falls short of scientific standards-- |
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Term
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Definition
heart disease cancer stroke modern
medieval infection pneumonia etc |
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Term
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Definition
| The Thomas Theorem-situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences..flying on plane |
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Term
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Definition
Dramaturgical analysis-study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
-Erving Goffman-analyzed social interaction
-Explained how people live their lives like actors performing on stage
-Tact-helping someone “save face”
3 important dimensions of life- emotion, language, humor
-six basic emotions- happy, sad, anger, fear, disgust, surprise
-culture defines what triggers an emotion |
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Term
| Durkheim’s Theory of Deviance |
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Definition
Emile Durkheim-deviance is necessary in a
society. |
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Term
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Definition
social stratification has beneficial consequences for the
operation of society. |
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Term
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Definition
social stratification has beneficial consequences for the
operation of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of modernization within societies. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance, "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables which contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dependency theory or dependencia theory is a body of social science theories predicated on the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "world system." |
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Term
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Definition
| Parsons' sick role theory has four parts. The first part of the sick role is an exemption from certain societal normative expectations. For example, when you can call in sick to work with the flu. Second is the belief that the sick person cannot just will themselves to get better – they must be healed, and this often requires being taken care of. So you can't just wish you were better, you must go to the doctor (according to the theory). These two points are dependent on the third part of the role, which is that being ill is undesirable and the patient must wish to get better. The final part of the role is an “obligation” to go to a doctor and “cooperate” with him in order to get better |
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Term
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Definition
Max Weber- said there are three dimensions in social stratification
1)class
2)status
3)power |
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Definition
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Definition
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf said that each language has its own distinct
Symbols that serve as the building blocks of reality
-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis- people see and understand the world through
Cultural lens of language (evidence does not support that language
determines reality) |
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Term
| Psychological theories of deviance |
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Definition
Deviance-the recognized violation of cultural norms (crime is a category of
deviance)
-Social control-way for society to regulate individual thoughts and behaviors
1) Informal social control-parent teacher and peers
2) Formal social control-criminal justice system
-Lumbroso-proposed a theory that criminals have physical attributes
different from non-criminals (studied a Italian prison population)
-Sheldon and Glueck- body type may predict criminality
1)ecotomorph
2)endomorph
3)mesomorph- most likely to commit crime
Reckless and Dinitz-
is a result of unsuccessful “socialization”
-Containment theory- “good boys” vs. “bad boys”
-Deviance is dynamic-varies from society to society..in reference to cultural
norms. Become deviant as defined as deviant.
-Structural-functional analysis- Emile Durkheim-deviance is necessary in a
society.
-Merton- means to achieve. Conformity is when we pursue cultural goals
through socially approved means.
-if someone is unable to conform..
1)innovation-criminals
2)ritualism-eternal student
3)retreatism-drug addict
4)rebellion-counter cultures (someone comes up with own means to
achieve their goals
-Symbolic Interaction- Labeling theory-deviance and conformity are a result
of social response rather than individual behavior.
1)primary deviance-everyone commits
2)secondary deviance-get caught. Repeatedly breaks rules
-Stigma-powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-
concept and social identity. Ex-con, Sex offender (master status)
Retrospective labeling-re-interpreting a persons past behavior in light of
present deviance
Projective labeling-predicting future behavior based on present deviance
-Sutherland-deviant behavior is learned. Based on positive and negative
definitions of crime
-Hirschi’s Control Theory- conformity is linked to social control-
focuses on why they don’t…instead of why they do
-attachment
-opportunity
-involvement
-belief (most dependent on past 3)
-Social conflict Analysis- links deviance to social inequality. Who or what is
deviants depends on which categories of people hold power in a society
-Spitzer- argued that people defined as deviant are typically
-people who interfere with capitalism
-people who cant or wont work
-people who resist authority
-people who directly challenge the status quo
-3 types of crime-
-white collar-people in high position (typically end up in civil
hearing)
-corporate crime-illegal actions of a corporation
-organized crime-supplying illegal goods or services
-crime- violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality, state, or
federal government
-4 types
-violent crime-against person
-property crime
-victimless crime-gambling, prostitution
-hate crimes-against person for some certain bias |
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Term
| Peter Berger’s definition of sociology |
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Definition
| Peter Berger stated that "things are not what they seem to be." According to Berger, instead of taking things forgranted or accepting commonplace definitions of what and how things are, sociologists look behind the scenes. |
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