Term
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Definition
| Refers to explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics (ex. men are more aggressive because of hormonal differences) |
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Definition
| Refers to biological identity, being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| The socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex, is culturally learned |
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Definition
| A condition caused by irregularities in the process of chromosome formation or fetal differentiation that produces persons with mixed biological sex characteristics, also known as intersex persons |
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Definition
| Men and women learn the expectations associated with their sex (ex. women work as hostesses and take care of the children) |
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Definition
| One’s definition of oneself as a man or woman, is basic to our self-concept and shapes our explanations for ourselves, our abilities and interests, and how we interact with others (ex. women comparing herself to another woman’s body) |
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Definition
| Fear or hatred of homosexuals |
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Definition
| Are the total pattern of gender relations, stereotypical expectations; interpersonal relationships, and the different placement of men and women in social, economic, and political hierarchies of institutions (ex. schools) |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender |
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Definition
| Extreme segregation and exclusion or women from public life (ex. in Afghanistan, women were prohibited from leaving their homes unless accompanied by a close male relative, their windows in their homes where women lived were painted black to keep women literally invisible from the public) |
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Definition
| Refers to a society or group in which men have power over women |
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Term
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Definition
| Has traditionally been defined as a society or group in which women have power over men (matriarchy exists, but not as a mirror image of patriarchy) |
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Term
| Labor Force Participation Rate: |
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Definition
| The percentage of those in a given category who are employed either part time or full time |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of differences in the individual characteristics that workers bring to jobs, assumes that the economic system is fair and competitive and that wage discrepancies reflect differences in the resources (or human capital) that individuals bring to their jobs, explains gender differences in wages (ex. child rearing and family responsibilities could negative influence the earning power of women) |
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Term
| Dual Labor Market Theory: |
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Definition
| Contends that women and men earn different amounts because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market, organized into two sectors, primary market jobs are stable, wages are good, opportunities for advancement exist, fringe benefits are likely, and workers are afforded due process (ex. working for a major corporation in a management job), secondary market characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion ladders, few benefits, poor working conditions, arbitrary work rules (ex. waiting tables, selling fast food) |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender |
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Term
| Occupational Segregation: |
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Definition
| Gender segregation is a specific form of occupational segregation, segregation in the labor market (can also be based on race, class, age, or any combination thereof) |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Not a single way of thinking and acting, it fundamentally refers to advocating a more just society for women |
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Term
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Definition
| Has emerged from the women’s movement and refers to analyses that seek to understand the position of women in society for explicit purpose of improving their position in society (4 main types) |
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Term
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Definition
| Emerged from a long tradition that began among British liberals in the nineteenth century, argues that inequality for women originates in traditions of the past that pose barriers to women’s advancement, it emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform |
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Definition
| A more radical perspective that interprets the origins of women’s oppression in the system of capitalism, because women constitute a cheap supply of labor, they are exploited by capitalism, capitalism interacts with patriarchy to make women less powerful |
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Definition
| Interprets patriarchy as the primary cause of women’s oppression, women’s oppression lies in men’s control over women’s bodies, thus they see violence against women in the form of rape, sexual harassment, wife beating, and sexual abuse—as mechanisms that men use to assert their power in society |
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Definition
| Evolves from studies pointing out that earlier forms of feminist thinking excluded women of color from analysis, examines the interactive influence of gender, race, and class, showing how together they shape the experiences of all women and men |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle of paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving similar levels of skill, this policy recognizes that men and women tend to occupy different jobs |
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Term
| The Social Basis of Sexuality: |
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Definition
1. Human sexual attitudes and behavior vary in different cultural contexts
2. Sexual attitudes and behavior vary over time
3. Sexual identity is learned
4. Social institutions channel and direct human sexuality
5. Sex is influences by economic factors in society
6. Public policies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Teach us what is appropriate for each gender (ex. children learn sexual scripts through playing roles, playing doctor as a way of exploring their bodies, or hugging and kissing in a way that can mimic heterosexual relationships) |
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Term
| Social Construction Perspective: |
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Definition
| Symbolic interaction theory uses a social construction perspective to interpret sexual identity as learning, not inborn, patterns of social approval and social taboos make some forms of sexuality permissible and others not |
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Term
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Definition
| How individuals experience sexual arousal and pleasure, gay or lesbian |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of defining oneself as gay or lesbian, is a series of events and redefinitions in which a person comes to see herself or himself as having a gay identity |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective that has evolved from recognizing the socially constructed nature of sexual identity, instead of seeing heterosexual or homosexual attraction as fixed in biology, queer theory interprets society as forcing these sexual boundaries on people, by challenging the either/or thinking that one is either gay or straight, queer theory challenges the idea that only one form of sexuality is normal and all other forms are deviant or wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the link between sexuality and power, not just within individual relationships (ex. the high violence rates against women and sexual minorities) |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only socially legitimate sexual orientation |
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Definition
| Sought to apply scientific principles of genetic selection to “improve” the offspring of the human race, it was explicitly racist and class based, calling for the compulsory sterilization of those who eugenicists thought were unfit, the eugenics movement grew from the fear of domination by immigrant groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the widespread changes in men’s and women’s roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development, the sexual revolution has meant greater sexual freedom, especially for women |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of relationships that define people’s family relationships to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of selecting mates from outside one’s group, the group may be based on religion, territory, racial identity, and so forth |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice of selecting mates from within one’s group (ex. some religions condemn marriages outside their faith) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prohibiting marriage between various groups, including between whites and African Americans, whites and Chinese, etc. (finally declared unconstitutional in 1967) |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems trace descent through father |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems trace descent through mother |
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Term
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Definition
| : Systems trace descent through both mother and father |
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Term
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Definition
| The whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit |
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Term
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Definition
| Married couple resides together with their children, develop in response to economic and social conditions |
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Term
| Functionalism Theory on Family: |
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Definition
| Functionalism Theory on Family: Meet the needs of society to socialize children and reproduce new members, teach people the norms and values of society, are organized around a harmony of interests, experience social disorganization (breakdown) when society undergoes rapid social changes |
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Term
| Conflict Theory on Family: |
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Definition
| Reinforce and support power relations in society, inculcate values consistent with the needs of dominant institutions, are sites for conflict and diverse interests of different family members, change as the economic organization of society change |
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Term
| Feminist Theory on Family: |
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Definition
| Are gendered institutions that reflect the gender hierarchies in society, are a primary agent of gender socialization, involve power imbalance between men and women, evolve in new forms as the society becomes more or less egalitarian |
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory on Family: |
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Definition
| Emerge as people interact to meet basic needs and develop meaningful relationships, are where people learn social identities through their interactions with others, are places where people negotiate their roles and relationships with each other, change as people develop new understandings of family life |
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Term
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Definition
| One parent (or both) lives and works in one country while their children remain in the country of origin |
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Term
| Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA): |
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Definition
| Adopted by Congress in 1993, is meant to provide help for conflicts associated with balancing the multiple demands of work and family |
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Term
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Definition
| : An institutionalized system of symbols, beliefs, values, and practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
1. Religion is institutionalized
2. Religion is a feature of groups
3. Religions are based on beliefs that are considered sacred
4. Religion establishes values and moral proscriptions for behavior
5. Religion establishes norms for behavior
6. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| That which is set apart from ordinary activity for worship, seen as holy, and protected by special rites and rituals |
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Term
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Definition
| : Of the everyday world and specifically not religious |
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Term
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Definition
| An object or living thing that a religious group regards with special reverence (ex. a statue of Buddha, a crucifix) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordinary beliefs of everyday life that are not specifically religious |
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Term
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Definition
| The intensity and consistency of practice of a person’s faith |
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Term
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Definition
| Those in which beliefs and practices of the religion are based on male power and authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on the centrality of female goddesses, who may be seen as the source of food, nurturance, and love, or who may serve as emblems of the power of women |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbolic activities that express a group’s spiritual convictions |
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Term
| Collective Consciousness: |
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Definition
| The body of beliefs common to a community or society that give people a sense of belonging, in many societies, religion establishes the collective consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that hard work and self denial lead to salvation |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to actions and beliefs that are driven by high levels of religious intolerance, religious extremists tend to see the world in simplistic either/or terms, dividing people into either good or evil, godly or demonic, usually the basis for extremely violent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that have broken off from an established church, they emerge when a faction within an established religion questions the legitimacy or purity of the group from which they are separating (ex. Shakers from the Quakers) |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious groups devoted to a specific purpose or cause or charismatic leader, many cults arise within established religions and sometimes continue to peaceably reside within the parent religion as simply a fellowship of people with a particular, often mystical, set of dogma, similar to sects in their intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Cults form around leaders with great charisma, a quality attributed to individuals believed by the followers to have special powers, followers typically believe the charismatic leader has received a unique revelation or possesses supernatural gifts |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect, subtle consequences emerging from activities of institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| The insistence upon educational credentials for their own sake, even if the credentials bear little relationship to the intended job |
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Term
| Functionalist Theory on Education: |
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Definition
| (Education in Society) Fulfills certain societal needs for socialization and training, “sorts” people in society according to their abilities, (Schools) Inculcate values needed by the society, (Social Change) Means that schools take on functions that other institutions, such as the family, originally fulfilled |
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Term
| Conflict Theory on Education: |
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Definition
| (Education in Society) Reflects other inequities in society, including race, class, and gender inequality, and perpetuates such inequalities, by tracking practices for example, (Schools) Are hierarchical institutions reflecting conflict and power relations in society, (Social Change) Threatens to put some groups at continuing disadvantages in the quality of education |
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory on Education: |
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Definition
| Education in Society) Emerges depending on the character of social interaction between groups in schools, (Schools) Are sites where social interaction between groups (such as teachers and students) influences chances for individual and group success, (Social Change) Can be positive as people develop new perceptions of formerly stereotyped groups |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity for abstract thinking |
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Term
| Standardized Ability Tests: |
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Definition
| SAT’s or IQ tests, intended to measure ability or potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended to measure what has actually been learned, in addition to ability or potential (ex. AP tests) |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the tests accurately predict later college grades, or some other criterion such as likelihood of graduating |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that there is presumably genetically based elite class in the United States containing those with high IQs, high incomes, and prestigious jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| Separating of students according to some measure of cognitive ability |
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Term
| Teacher Expectance Effect: |
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Definition
| The effect teacher expectations on a student’s actual performance, independent of the student’s actual ability, the teacher’s expectations on a student’s performance can dramatically influence how much the student learns |
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Term
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: |
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Definition
| Merely applying a label has the effect of justifying the label, if a student is defined as a type, the student becomes that type |
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Term
| Stereotype Threat Effect: |
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Definition
The effect of a negative stereotype about one’s self upon one’s own test performance
Prominent problem areas in the United States health care system include the following:
1. Unequal distribution of health care by race-ethnicity, social class, or gender
2. Unequal distribution of health care by region
3. Inadequate health education of inner-city and rural parents |
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Term
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Definition
| : An eating disorder caused by compulsive dieting |
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Term
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Definition
| : The study f all the factors, biological, social, economic, and cultural, associated with disease in society |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the effects of social, cultural, temporal, and regional factors in disease and health |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when an individual is socially devalues because of some malady, illness, misfortune, or similar attribute (ex. and individual possessing AIDS) |
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Term
| Functionalist Theory on the Sociology of Health: |
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Definition
| (Central Point) The health care system has certain functions, both positive and negative, (Fundamental Problem Uncovered) The health care system produces some negative functions, (Policy Implications) Policy should decrease negative functions of health care system for minority groups, the poor, and women |
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Term
| Conflict Theory on Sociology of Health |
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Definition
| : (Central Point) Health care reflects the inequalities in society, (Fundamental Problem Uncovered) Excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization lead to excess cost, (Policy Implications) Policy should improve access to health care for minority racial—ethnic groups, the poor, and women |
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory on Sociology of Health: |
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Definition
| (Central Point) Illness is partly socially constructed, (Fundamental Problem Uncovered) Patients are patronized and infantilized, (Policy Implications) Doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel should periodically take the sick role of the patient, as an instructional device |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides medical insurance covering hospital costs for all individuals over age 65 |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides medical care in the form of health insurance for the poor, welfare recipients, and the disabled |
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Term
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Definition
| Entails ordering excessively thorough tests, X rays, etc. in an effort to fend off a lawsuit by a patient |
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Term
| Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) |
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Definition
| A cooperative of doctors and other medical personnel who provide medical services in exchange for a set membership fee |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of collective bargaining as part of a large collection of HMOs |
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