FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -

Psychic Determinism

Libido

Psycic Determinism: ALL behaviors have a purpose & are determined by something from one's PAST

Libido: powerful lifeforce (psychic energy) 

-derived from instinctual dtives

*unaware of why you do things

STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

-conscious

-preconscious

-unconscious

CONSCIOUS: thoughts/feelings/memories in current awareness (the NOW)

PRECONSCIOUS: info not currently in awareness, bust can gain access to (the AVAILABLE)

UNCONSCIOUS: ideas/impulses/memories beyond normal awareness; difficult to gain access

-bulk of personality resides here

THE ID

THE EGO

THE SUPER EGO

ID: the UNREALISTIC part of the personaility that seeks IMMEDIATE gratification

-source of libido 

-operates on the "pleasure principle"

"unrealistic" b/c you can't have all needs met immediately

EGO: part of personality that keeps one grounded in REALITY

-"mediator" balances the ID and SUPER EGO

-operates on "reality principle" 

SUPEREGO: the UNREALISTIC part of the personality that demands moral behavior

-represents an internalization of parenting received; morals/values

-"unrealistic" b/c results in guilt & self-blame

STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 

ORAL STAGE

FIXATION

ORAL FIXATION

ORAL STAGE: birth-2 yrs; mouth & oral gratification; basic feelings about the world are established here.

-ID develops

FIXATION: libido gets "stuck"

ORAL FIXATION

-results from over or under gratifcation.

-self indulgance

-passive dependancy

-oral behaviors (smoking/drinking/nail biting/eating disorder/MOUTH IS ALWAYS BUSY)

-cynical and sarcastic

STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

ANAL STAGE

FIXATIONS

(3 elements)

ANAL STAGE: 2-3yrs; elimination processes & control

-EGO develops

FIXATIONS: toilet training conflict

anal EXPULSIVE personality

-messy/destructive/hostile

anal RETENTIVE personality

-fussy/stingy/stubborn

STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

PHALLIC STAGE

FIXATIONS:

4- 6yrs - sexual identity 

-SUPEREGO develops

FIXATIONS:

promiscuity/vanity/self-absorption

-sexual attraction to opposite sex parent; jealousy of same sex parent

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

DISPLACEMENT

an unacceptable impulse is repressed and then unleashed on a safer target

-redirecting emotion onto a safer target

ex. getting mad then yelling at cat

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

PROJECTION

an unacceptable impulse is repressed and then attributed to other people

-accuse others of possessing your shortcomings

-shifting one's unacceptable thoughts/feelings/impulses within oneself onto someone else.

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

SUBLIMINATION

NEOANALYTIC THEORIES

-JUNG

-HORNEY

-ERIKSON

EMPHASIZED: socio-cultural

DE-EMPHASIZED: unconscious

JUNG- personal & collective unconcious; archtypes

-COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

HORNEY- basic anxiety & neurotic personalities

-BASIC ANXIETY NO PENIS ENVY

ERIKSON- social relationships across lifespan

-SOCIAL VS SEXUAL

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

CARL ROGERS 

CENTRAL CONCEPT- organized beliefs about oneself. comes from interactions with significant people

CONGRUENCE- agreement between self-perception and self-ideal 

-source of happiness/unhappiness

HEALTHY PERSONALITY- when self-perception and self-ideal do not match, can modify self- perception to accommodate them

*FLEXIBILITY

CULTURE & SELF IDENTITY

INDIVIDUALISTIC

COLLECTIVISTIC

INDIVIDUALISTIC- personal attributes; friendly/smart/etc.

-define self using personal attributes

COLLECTIVISTIC- social identity; daughter/democrat/etc.

-define self as more social roles 

*culture determines how we define ourselves

BIG 5

OPENNESS

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

EXTRAVERSION

AGREEABLENESS

NEUROTICISM

OPENNESS- willingness to try new things/open to new ideas

HIGH: original, creative

LOW: conventional, conservative, crude

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS- thoughtfulness of others

HIGH: reliable, tidy

LOW: undependable, careless

EXTRAVERSION- need to be with others 

HIGH: sociable, adventurous, energetic

LOW: reclusive, cautious, introverted

AGREEABLENESS- emotional "style" of a person

HIGH: courteous, kind

LOW: rude, harsh

NEUROTICISM- degree of emotional stability

HIGH: tense, emotionally unstable, nervous

LOW: calm, emotionally stable

INTROVERTS

EXTROVERTS

INTROVERTS: avoid social interactions b/c makes them even more aroused; minimize stimulation to stay in comfort zone

*OVER AROUSED*

EXTROVERTS: seek out stimulation to get them to where they are comfortable

*UNDER AROUSED*

a component of EXTRAVERSION 

-sensation seekers as a group are more likely to engage in substance abuse

-strong relationship between sensation seekers and sexual activities; more "adventurous"

-score higher in intelligence but aren't high achievers in academics

RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM 

(BANDURA)

personal variables (TRAITS)

+

environmental variables

+

behaviors

=

all interact mutually/interact interchangeably

-

ROTTER - LOCUS OF CONTROL

[INTERNAL vs EXTERNAL]

INTERNAL: attribute life's outcomes to personal control over situations

(it's your fault)

EXTERNAL: attribute life's outcomes to outside factors on situations

(luck, bad test)

- GENERALLY internal=better grades

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

INTERVIEWS

BEHAVIORAL

REMOTE SAMPLING

NEUROLOGICAL

PERSONALITY TESTS

PROJECTIVE

INTERVIEWS- widely used

BEHAVIORAL- direct observation and systematic coding of behaviors

-rating scale/frequency count

-bias/lack of conrtol

REMOTE BEHAVIOR- person wears a paging device then report data of interst at that moment.

NEUROLOGICAL- measure memory, intellectual functioning, reaction times

PERSONALITY- paper&pencil tests,-measure w/ clear data yielding a standardized score

ex: MMPI (based on jung)

1. sensing/intuition

2. thinking/feeling

3. introversion/extroversion

4. perceiving/judging

PROJECTIVE- measure w/ ambiguous stimuli

-Rorschach- 10 inkblobs

-Thematic Apperception- 20 pics of ppl in diff situations

-subjectivity problems (bias/prejudice)

DISTRESSING- behavior is distressing to individual of those around individ.

DYSFUNTIONAL- behavior is dysfuntional for the person/society (improper function for context)

DEVIANT- behavior is deviant

PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL (MALADAPTIVE) BEHAVIORS

MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL MODEL

*BIOLOGY*

FOCUS: biological conditions that initiate maladaptive behaviors

-thyroid conditions, brain tumors, neurotransmitter deficiencies 

*UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS*

FOCUS: unresolved unconscious conflicts from early home environment

-conflicts between ID & SUPEREGO that the EGO can't cope with

-rigid or overuse of defense mechanisms leads to distress

*INCONGRUENCE OF SELF*

FOCUS: self, self concept

-frustration of self-actualization efforts

-self-expectations exceed achievements 

*FAULTY LEARNING*

FOCUS: faulty learning and conditioning

-effects of the environment rather than internal factors

*FAULTY IDEAS*

FOCUS: faulty ideas/thoughts/ideas/info processing

-you go about looking at things in faulty ways

*CONTEXT*

FOCUS: the context in which behaviors occur

-disorders reflect the culture and stressors in society

*BIOLOGY+STRESS=EXPRESSION*

vulnerability- biological (inheirited), personal

stress- combat

MULTIAXIAL

FIVE AXES

describes a person's behavior &situation on several levels (axis)

AXIS 1: primary diagnosis

AXIS 2: personality disorders/mental retardation (stable underlying)

AXIS 3: relevant physical disorders (diabetes)

AXIS 4: psychological stressors

AXIS 5: global assessment of funtioning

while studying symptoms you start to believe you have psychological disorders

-represent exaggerations of normal behaviors

THREE COMPONENTS OF ANXIETY RESPONSE

1.COGNITIVE

2. PHYSIOLOGICAL

3.BEHAVIORAL

COGNITIVE- sense of impending doom/danger

-you don't know when it's going to occur

PHYSIOLOGICAL- increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, diarrhea "AROUSAL"

BEHAVIORAL- avoidance of the feared; impaired performance

irrational fear of objects/events/situations; no real cause for fear

-avoidance of escape behaviors

PHOBIC DISORDERS:

3 MAJOR TYPES

AGORAPHOBIA

SOCIAL PHOBIAS

SPECIFIC PHOBIAS

AGORAPHOBIA: "fear of the marketplace"; fear of being alone or isolated in a public place

-panic attacks can occur, accompanied by depression

SOCIAL PHOBIAS: fear of situation being under public scrutiny; fear of criticism, think people are always judging them.

-fear others notice their anxiety

SPECIFIC PHOBIAS: intense specific fears + avoidance of those fears

-categories of diagnosis:

animal type- snakes/dogs/insects

natural environment type- trees/storms

blood-injection-injury type- needles/blood/injury; often accompanied by fainting

situational type- elevators/tunnels/driving

other type- situations that lead to choking/vomiting

1. Primary Concern: orderliness & control

2. Obsessions: repetitive, unwelcomed thought

3. Compulsions: repetitive, ritualistic behaviors

TREATMENTS FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS

BIOLOGICAL-MEDICAL

anxiolytic drugs (anti anxiety)

-dependence/addiction

enhance activity of gaba (inhibitory neurotransmitter)

reduce neural activity in arousal areas

-thought to be related to childhood

GOALS: uncover unconscious conflicts that led to anxiety; make connections between current anxiety and past events.

-"working through" that relationship trauma/abuse is triggering anxiety. 

GOALS: change maladaptive thoughts/beliefs

TECHNIQUES: "thought stopping", address "catastrophizing", cognitive rehearsal

-anticipate anxiety happening and rehearse how to deal with it.

GOALS: unlearn/extinguish anxious behaviors

TECHNIQUES: based on principles of exposure - exposure leads to extinction of the fear response. 

-most effective technique

MOOD DISORDERS

MAJOR DEPRESSION

1. NEGATIVE MOOD STATE

-sadness, loneliness, "anhedonia"

2. COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS

- low self-esteem, self-blame, difficulty concentrating

3. MOTIVATIONAL SYMPTOMS

- inability to motivate self to do anytihng

4. SOMATIC SYMPTOMS

- sleep problems, lose appetite & weight, profound fatigue, vague feelings of illness

MOOD DISORDERS

BIPOLAR

"MANIC-DEPRESSIVE DISORDER"

1. MANIA

-euphoria, grandiosity, rapid speech, impulsivity, little sleep, easily angered, constant motion. 

2. DEPRESSED PHASE

- moody, sad, symptoms same as major depression

3. DURATION OF PHASES

- much variability w/in and across individuals 

TREATMENTS FOR MOOD DISORDERS

BIOLOGICAL-MEDICAL

1. DEPRESSION

a) anti-depressant drugs: increase availability of serotonin, dopamine, & norepinephrine in brain

b) electroconvulsive shock therapy: causes massive release of all neurotransmitters; provides quick release, but can result in memory loss.

- used exclusively for severe major depression

2. BIPOLAR

a) LITHIUM- chemical related to table salt. can be toxic. evens out highs and lows for some

b) ANTI-DEPRESSANTS- also used during depressive state, but can initiate a manic phase. 

TREATMENTS FOR MOOD DISORDERS

PSYCHODYNAMIC

TREATMENTS FOR MOOD DISORDERS

COGNITIVE

- change maladaptive thoughts/beliefs

- evaluate & confront attributions (personal/stable/global)

- attribute negative outcomes to self, positive outcomes to external.

TREATMENTS FOR MOOD DISORDERS

BEHAVIORAL

- re-establish or increase amount of positive reinforcement from the environment. 

- TREATMENT: encourage to engage in previously enjoyed activities; reinforce any moves toward seeking positive reinforcement. 

TREATMENTS FOR MOOD DISORDERS

HUMANISTIC

- focus on here and now 7 current feelings

-TECHNIQUES: assess & decrease discrepancies between self-expectations & current achievements

SCHIZOPHRENIA

CHARACTERISTICS

-thoughts

-perceptions

-speech

-emotion

psychotic disorders - disturbances in thought/speech/perception/emotion/behavior

CHARACTERISTICS:

1. THOUGHTS - seem scattered

DELUSIONS - faulty beliefs of evidence to the contrary.

2. PERCEPTIONS - sensory distortions

HALLUCINATIONS - faulty perceptions

-auditory = most common

-visual = occasionally

3. SPEECH - disorganized; follows thoughts 

4. EMOTION - disorders of emotion

- inappropriate affect - inconsistent w/ circumstances

-blunted affect - less emotion than expected

- flat affect - seemingly no emotion

SCHIZOPHRENIA

SUBTYPES

1.paranoid

2.disorganized

3.catatonic

4.undifferentiated

1. PARANOID - most commonly diagnosed

-delusions of persecution & sometimes grandeur

-higher functioning - more coherent thoughts

- *best prognosis

2. DISORGANIZED - most severely dysfuntional symptoms

- thought disorders = strong

- many hallucinations & delusions

- largely dysfuntional w/o meds

3. CATATONIC - motor disturbances most prominent

- alternate between rigidity to random activity

- "waxy flexibility"- can be manipulated like a wax figure

4. UNDIFFERENTIATED - symptoms do not fit neatly into any of the above catagories.

SCHIZOPHRENIA

"CLINICAL" SUBTYPES

1. TYPE I - mostly positive symptoms = the presence/addition of behaviors (delusions/hallucinations/disordered speech)

- Have a better prognosis - respond better to available medications

2. TYPE II - mostly negative symptoms = the absence of behaviors (flat affect, lack of response, lack of motivation)

- have the worst prognosis - do not respond well to available medications

TREATMENTS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL

most frequently used treatment for this disorder

NEUROLEPTICS - anti-psychotic drugs

- decrease the activity of dopamine

- most effective on positive symptoms

- serious side effects (liver/immune system)

- quality vs. quantity of life?

GOALS: increase social skills & daily functioning

TECHNIQUES: group therapies - role play social skills

SOMATOFORM DISORDERES

HYPOCHONDRIUS

people believing they are ill when they are not

Belief that a physical symptom is an indicator of a serious medical condition unduly

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

CONVERSION DISORDER

SOMATOFORM DISORDERES

PAIN DISORDER

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

PSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA