Term
| Where are why do earthquakes occur? |
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Definition
-movement along plate boundaries -centers of plates caused from failed rifts -volcanic eruptions -occur from faults |
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Term
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Definition
a fracure or zone of fracture where the rock is forcefully broken with an accompanying displacement that is an actual movement of the crust on one or both sides of the break. San Andres fault: strike-slip faults on a transform plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| point on the surface above the focus of the earthquake |
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Term
| What happened in the rose canyon fault? |
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Definition
-it may have connected with faults further north -potential for quakes about 6.5 to 6.9 -Problem in areas of fill and sediments |
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Term
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Definition
P-waves- primary waves, compressional, travel fast S-waves: secondary waves, shear waves, travel slower |
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Term
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Definition
-Measures amplitude of ground motion -If earthquake is less than 3.5, its usually not felt -6.1 to 6.9 can be destructive -7.0-7.9 is a major earth quate -8+ is a great earthquake |
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Term
| What determines the damage in earthquakes and what are the effects of it? |
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Definition
Damage: shaking, landslides, land subsidence, fires, tsunamis Factors determining damage: magnitude, distance, soil conditions, buildings |
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Term
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Definition
-1985 -more damage because part of the city was built on soft sediments |
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Term
| how to predict an earthquake? |
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Definition
-we can't but.. -small quakes -rising or tilting of ground -releases of radon gas -change in water level -animals -historic tends all lead up to earthquakes |
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Term
What are the main types of mass wasting? |
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Definition
1. falls 2. slides/slips 3. flows mass wasting is the downslope movement of broken rock mass wasting is facilitated by: oversteepening and cut into slope water (reduces friction and adds weight), clay layers (makes it slippering, dipping sedimentary layers) |
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Term
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Definition
Definition- rock is loosened by weathering and falls to the base of the slope (common in high moutains) Talus: rock fragment at base of slope (pile of fallen rocks)
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Term
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Definition
Definition: form of mass wasting in which the material moves downslope as a solid mass (more or less, big chunks move down as one piece so its fairly solid) Types 1. Slump (rotational slump): rotation on a curved failure surface, material settles at the top and rotates outwards 2. slide (transitional slide): rock materialslides on a plane of weakness; failure surface parallel to slop, slides on a plane of weekness |
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Term
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Definition
-wyoming, 1925 -dipping sedimentary layers of sandstone, clay, and shale -heavy rain -50 million cubic yards
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Term
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Definition
- 1963 -syncline -glacial valley with reservoir -sedimentary rocks:limestone and clay -slide 1 mile long, 1 mile wide, 500 feet thick -filled reservoir 500 feet above dam
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Term
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Definition
Definition: material flows downslope as a fluid -totally falls apart (mudflow) Types: 1. earthflows: slope collapses, saturated slope moves downhill, slowly, in a humid region (not too dangerous) 2. mudflows: saturated material moves rapidly down drainage channels, often semiarid and arid regions, often with volcanic mudflows 3. solifluction: saturated soil above permafrost moves slowly downslope, not dangerous, in tundra region 4. soil creep: slow movement of soil particiles under the influence of gravity, one by one things are tilted
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Term
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Definition
-steepest angle that loose fragments can maintain - week sand: 80% -dry sand:32-34% -gravel: 45% |
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Term
| How does the hydrolic cycle work? |
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Definition
Water found in :
Oceans 97%
Ice 2% Underground water .6% -ocean: evaporation 320,000km -> rains to ocean 284,000km or rains on land or runs off -> evaporation of plants |
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Term
| Characteristics of Ocean Water |
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Definition
contains 3.5% salts by volume temp: 27 d Celcius (80 d f) to -2 d celcius (28 df) subtropics are more salty
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Term
| Characteristics of Frozen Water (ice bergs) |
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Definition
about 10% of earth is covered with ice (mostly in greenland and antartica) ice berg is fresh water
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Term
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Definition
return water to ocean and carry sediments and dissolved material amazon rive contains almost 20% of all water
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Term
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Definition
-most of worlds surface water -formed by: -glacial action -sinkholes in limestone -volcanic activity or faulting -an interior lake with no outlet is a salt lake -if streams flowing out of it then it is fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
Aquifer-zone of permeable rock that contains water and releases it to a well .6% underground water
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Term
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Definition
-hydrologic zone in the ground in which all pore spaces are saturated (phreatic zone) |
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Term
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Definition
| at the top of the saturated zone |
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Term
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Definition
hydrologic zone in the ground in which pore spaces may contain either air or water (vadose zone)
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Term
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Definition
| impermeable rock layer; slows of stops water movement |
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Term
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Definition
| lowering of the water table around an active well |
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Term
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Definition
| evaporation from plant surfaces |
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Term
| Characteristics of Karst Landscape |
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Definition
- landscape that developes in humid regions with limestone bedrock characteristics: -caverns -sinkholes -poorly developed stream network -comes from s. europe -tower karst: tall, steep hills in karst landscape
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Term
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Definition
-groundwater comes into contact with hot rocks near a magma chamber -yellowstone park: the largest area of hot springs
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Term
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Definition
-eruption of water and steam -constriction in rock layers prevents water from rising easily -yellowstone, iceland, new zealand, siberia -same orgin as hot springs, but comes to a layer of rock that wont let it thru, so it builds up and explodes out
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Term
| limestone and calcium carbonate |
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Definition
- limestone is composed of calcium carbonate -CALCITE is calcium carbonate, it is slightly soluble in water - start out with a lump, put it in water calcium and sodium are very close -in a humid region with limestone bedrock, calcium carbonate may be dissolved
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Term
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Definition
-limestone structure hanging out from the ceiling of a cave
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Term
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Definition
-limestone structure reaching up from the floor of a cave
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Term
| What are the benefits and hazards to living in a flood plain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can strucures like dams and levees reduce the risk of flows? |
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Definition
dams: release water slowly levees: embankments to keep stream inside its channel floodwalls- concrete walls to keep stream inside its channel |
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Term
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Definition
-flood of 1993 -6.6 million acres -9 states -38 dead -100-year flood
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Term
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Definition
- streams: water flowing in a channel - perenial stream: contains water all year, in a humid region -intermittent stream: contains water in the rain season, semi arid region -ephemeral stream: contains water only during rain, in a desert region -includes the main stream and tributaries ( feed into main stream that may feed into other streams)
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Term
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Definition
-watershed, region by a single stream system
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Term
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Definition
-ridge seperating adjacent drainage basins -mississippi rive watershed drains 1/3 of the lower 48 states |
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Term
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Definition
-seperates stream systems draining into different oceans -anything east of CL falls into the atlantic ocean, anything west falls into the pacific ocean
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Term
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Definition
-stream drains into interior basin, water is saline -great salt lake |
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Term
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Definition
- steep in upper reach (headwaters) -gentle slope in lower reach (near mouth) -gradient: angle of stream channel, steepness UPPER REACH OF STREAM -steep gradient -v-shaped valleys - rapids, waterfalls LOWER REACH OF STREAM -gentle gradient -wide flood plain
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Term
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Definition
-treelike pattern -most common
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Term
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Definition
-long, parellel streams -alternating layers of hard and soft rock -water moves through layers of soft rock, but can't get through hard rock so goes parellel |
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Term
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Definition
- streams radiate out from a mountain
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Term
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Definition
| people are responsible if steam straight, but water is not moving straight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-interconnected channgels, with lots of sand and gravel -wide and shallow -excessive load of sand and gravel
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Term
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Definition
- stream with wide curves -common in lower reach of stream -develops on flood plain -stream carries silt and clay -wide, flat flood plain -a lot of room for water to move around -becomes wider until they are cut off to form oxbow lakes and flood plains
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Term
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Definition
-stream deposited material, any water carried and moved by running water |
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Term
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Definition
-a flood the size expected to occur once every 100 years |
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Term
| Three main ways streams erode particles |
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Definition
-Hydraulic action: current breaks particles away, important along the banks of the stream
-Abrasion: materials carried by streams occur stream bed, grind the stream down trumbled around in bed -Corrosion: chemical action, solution, dissolving material
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Term
| Job description for a stream |
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Definition
-erosion -transportation -desposition
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Term
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Definition
-materials carried in solution: salts, soluble minerals -cannot see dissolved load, but can taste it -also know as insolution
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Term
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Definition
-eroded materials carried by stream
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Term
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Definition
-materials carried by turbulence of stream without settling; fine materials (clay and silt) |
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Term
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Definition
- materials carried along the bed of the stream; large particles: sand, gravel, rocks - moved along the bed of the stream carried in 2 ways: -saltation: bouncing along bed of stream -traction: heavy stuff, dragged, pushed, or rolled along bed
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Term
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Definition
-alluvial process -deposited when discharge or velocity deacreases: - stream widens - gradient decreases - flood waters recede -streams are always changing because of deposition
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Term
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Definition
-braod strip of land in a river valley, covered with sediments deposited characterized by: -meanders -oxbow lakes -natural levees
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Term
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Definition
-landform produced when sediment is deposited at the mouth of a stream -delta of the nile: -triangular shaped like the greek letter delta -distributies: small shifting channels that carry water away from the stream -very fertile, a lot of agriculture
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Term
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Definition
| cutoff meander that initially holds water |
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Term
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Definition
| -embankment of slightly higher ground fringing a stream channel in a flood plain; formed by deposition during floodtime |
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Term
| Velocity on the inside and outside of a stream curve |
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Definition
-velocity high on OUTSIDE of curve -more erosion on outside of curve -velocity lower on INSIDE of curve -more deposition on inside of curve -curves get wider all the time
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Term
| How does wind erode and transport material? |
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Definition
-wind erosion works by: -deflation: lifting and removing of san particles by wind, may form by depressions call blowouts, may also form desert pavement (desert is covered with all rocks -> wind comes and blows all the small particles)
-abrasion: material carried by wind grinds down rock surface
-wind trasports material by: -carries the material in -SUSPENSION:small particles (dust) -SALTATION:large particles being bounced (sand) -TRACTION:creep larger particles (sand)
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Term
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Definition
-Includes: sand dunes (large particles) and loess (finer particles) |
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Term
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Definition
-loose wind-blown sand -strong, fairly consistent winds -dunes are asymmetric in shape -windward side: gentle slop -leeward side: 32-34 degree angle of repose |
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Term
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Definition
TYPES: -barchan: cresent-shaped, horns pointing downwind, constant wind, limited sand
-transverse dune: elongated, transverse to wind direction, plentiful supply of sand, strong winds -longitudinal dunes:(seifs) parellel to eachother and to wind, plentiful sand, wind coming in two directions -star dunes: dunes crest radiates away from the center, plentiful sand, fixed almost permanently -
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Term
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Definition
-low rainfall -little vegetation - mechanical weathering -little soil
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Term
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Definition
-thunderstorms:when it does rain it is very intense for short amount of time
-high runoffs -> flash floods -sdiment gets washed off slopes
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Term
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Definition
-ephemeral: only run during rain or right after -exotic: stream originates in a humid region, flows through a dry region (good example is the nile rive and the colorado rive that came from wyoming rockies)
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Term
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Definition
-dry desert lake -may hold water occasionally -flat surface, usually clay and silt -salt deposits
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Term
| Interior-internal drainage |
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Definition
-water flows to interior basins, does not reach the ocean -a permanent lake in a basin of internal drainage will be saline (ex: great salt lake)
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Term
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Definition
Basin and Range Mesa and Scarp
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by: -internal drainage -exotic rivers -rugged mountains and flat basins -intense thunderstorms cause flash floods -sendiment pours our of v-shaped canyons to pour alluvial fans -basins may have flat centers -alluvial fans at the mouth of canyons
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Term
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Definition
-parellel normal faults create horst and grabens (horst=up grabens=down) |
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Term
| Mesa and Scarp Topography |
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Definition
Colorado pleateau region: mesas and scarps mesa: broad, flat-topped hill scarps:cliff characterized by: horizontal sedimentary strata (grand canyon-limestone) -sedimentary layers erode to a layer of resisant rock (caprock) -plateau: broad and flat -mesa flat: topped hill -buttes and pinnacles are smaller (pictures)
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Term
| What happens to waves when they strike a coast? |
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Definition
When depth = 1/2 wavelength -velocity decreases (friction) -length decreases -height increases -top moves faster than base |
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Term
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Definition
Tsunami: -"harbor wave" seismic sea wave -wave speed: 450mph - deep water hieght:2-6 feet -shallow water height: 50-100 feet+ -generated by: faults (movement on the sea floor), earthquakes, landslides, volcanos, mediorite, has nothing to do with a wind storm Wind wave: -calm ocean -wave length:130-1300 feet -wave heights:1-15 feet -wave speed: 55 mph -storm waves:50 feet
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Term
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Definition
-distance from the crest to crest |
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Term
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Definition
-distance from crest to trough (crest: high point of wave) (trough: low point of wave)
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Term
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Definition
-transports sand downcoast
-flows parellel to shore
-even refrac, still hits beach at an angle
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Term
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Definition
-bending of the wave -occurs because the lines of a wave is not exactly parallel to shore, either because coastline is uneven or because of irregularities in water depth in the near shore zone -all occurs because one portion of the wave reaches shallow water sooner than other portions and is slowed down -north hits shallow end first
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Term
| How does beach sand move along the coast? |
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Definition
| from longshore currents, it moves the sand southwards in most places, the sand flows along the breakside into the spit |
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Term
| Submergent vs. Emergent Coastlines |
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Definition
Submergent: -sea level has risen or land has subsided Emergent: -land has risen
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Term
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Definition
-usually built in pairs on either side of river or harbor -there to confine the flow of water to a narrow zone, thereby keeping the sand in motion and inhibitinng its deposition in the navigation channel. -tend to interfer with longshore currents in the same way as a groin, trapping sand on the upcurrent side while causing erosion on the down current side.
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Term
| Waves in the northern hemisphere |
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Definition
Hemisphere: -winter storm waves come from the north -high energy waves remove sand from beach -more engergy -sand removed from beach -summer waves from south - low energy waves deposit sand on beach -gentler -sand deposited on beach
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Term
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Definition
Coral atoll: a ring-shaped structure ->once the top of a volcano sinks below the water surface, the reef surrounding a now landless lagoon -ring is rarely unbroken -ring consist of a string of closely spaced coral islets separated by narrow channels of water Barrier Reef: a prominent ridge of coral that roughly parallels the coastline but lies offshore, with a shallow lagoon between the reefs and the coast. Fringing reef: a coral reef built out laterally from the shore, forming a broad bench that is only slightly below sea level, often with the tops of individual coral "heads" exposed to the open air at low tide
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Term
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Definition
-walls perpendicular to shore; used to trap sand -built to keep sand on beach
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Term
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Definition
-lowering of the land surface (slow process)
-wind rate: 2.5 cm/1000 years -weathering: disintengration of rock, breaking ip rock material -mass wasting: downslope movement of broken rock material (landslides) -erosion: detachment and removal of broken rock material (takes broken rocks away, running water)
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Term
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Definition
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
-physical disintegration of rocks, rocks broken into smaller pieces types: 1. frost wedging: water freezes, expands, and fractures rock (important in high elevation, high lat.)
2. stalt wedging: stalt crystals grow, fracturing rock, in arid regions 3. temperature changes: weakens rocks, heats and expands, cools and compresses, apparent when fire passes (bits of rock peals) 4. pressure release: as pressure is removed (unloaded), rock expands
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Term
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Definition
-decomposition of rocks by organisms -tree roots fracture rocks by pushing them up -lichens help decompose rocks (algea/fungus, and first stage in soil formation) |
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Term
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Definition
-chemical decomposition of rocks, involves a chemical change -moisture, high temp -most effective in humid tropics -includes: -oxidation: oxygen combines with metal= metal gets softer (rusting) -hydrolysis: reachtion with water= rocks weaken -caronation: limestone marble= water with oxygen
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Term
| Factors affection velocity in the stream process |
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Definition
-the faster the stream, the greater the size in grain, and max. velocity is near the middle of a straight channel
Gradient: decreases down stream Channel shape: narrow deep channel faster than a wide shallow channel channel roughness:a rougher channel means more friction -> slower
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Term
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Definition
-the volume of water flowing past a given point per unit of time -the greater the discharge the more sediment the stream can carry
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