Term
| the bone marrow makes adequate amounts of the blood cells but they are destroyed once they are released into the circulation |
|
Definition
| autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia can include certain |
|
Definition
| infection, drug reactions, certain cancers |
|
|
Term
| blood transfusions can cause hemolytic anemia if lymphocytes in the transfused blood make _ against the person receiving the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pallor, extreme fatigue, tachycardia, shortness of breath, hypotension |
|
|
Term
| patients with hemolytic anemia usually have _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients with hemolytic anemia have a positive result on |
|
Definition
| direct coombs antiglobulin blood test |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| fatigue, pallor, orthostatic vs changes, low serum iron level, love ferritin level, high total iron binding capacity |
|
|
Term
| foods that are rich in iron |
|
Definition
| liver, oysters, red meats, fish, dried fruits, legumes, dark green veggies, iron enriched whole grain breads and chocolates |
|
|
Term
| occurs when a person does not absorb vitamin b12 from the stomach, due to the lack of intrinsic factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of pernicious anemia characteristically include |
|
Definition
| weakness, a sore tongue, numbness of the hands and feet |
|
|
Term
| if the person has neurological symptoms caused by pernicious anemia a monthly injection of _ is prescribed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of sickle cell anemia include |
|
Definition
| persistently low RBC counts, fatigue and jaundice, cardiomegaly, tachycardia, |
|
|
Term
| sickled cells become stuck in larger blood vessels of the body, obstructing blood flow and causing severe pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stressors that can trigger sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
| dehydration, infection, overexertion, cold weather changes, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, high altitudes |
|
|
Term
| areas compromised during a sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
| chest, abdomen, bones, joints, bone marrow, brain or penis |
|
|
Term
| patients in sickle cell crisis often have a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medication prescribed for patients who often experience sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates the production of a certain type of Hgb that is resistant to sickling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epoetin alfa is usallually adminsitered until the hematocrits is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dextran should be adminestered using the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Universal blood recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelet transfusions are done when plt count drops below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryoprecipitate contains only fibrinogen and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indications for packed red blood cells |
|
Definition
| symptomatic anemia caused by low hematocrit or hemoglobin, |
|
|
Term
| inidcations for platelets/apheresis platelets |
|
Definition
| bleeding r/t thrombocytopenia, pt at serious risk of bleeding |
|
|
Term
| blood should be adnministered using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cloting deficiences, TTP, hemophilia B, rapid reversal of warfarin, massive RBC transfusions |
|
|
Term
| inidcations for cryoprecipated AHF, pooled cryo-precipitated AHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of hmemolytic tranfusion reaction |
|
Definition
| fever, chills, nausea, dyspnea, chest pain, back pain, hypotension, hematuria |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of anaphylactic transfusion reacton |
|
Definition
| urticaria, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of fevrile tranfusion reacton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of circulatory overload |
|
Definition
| cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| sympoms of delayed hemolytic tranfusion reactions |
|
Definition
| unexplained fever, unexplained decrease hemogloblin and hematocrit |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbial infections fo the endocardium primarily affect the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the incidence of infective endocarditis is higher in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients with known _ are also at risk for IE and should be treated with prophylactic _ before any dental or invasive procedures |
|
Definition
| valvular disease, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| pathogens accumulates on the heart valves, the endocardium or both and forms vegetation |
|
Definition
| infective/bacterial indocarditis |
|
|
Term
| complications of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most frequent cause of death with IE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s&s of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| fever accompanied by chills and night sweats, chills, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, chest or abdominal pain, petechiae inside the mouth and on the ankles, feet and antecubital areas, osler nodes may be seen on fingertips or toes, janeyway lesions may be noted on palms and soles, new or changing heart murmur |
|
|
Term
| pea sized tender, red to purple lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial drugs, rest and limitation of activities (primary therapeutic measures for IE) |
|
|
Term
| antimicrobials to treat infective endocarditis are usually given IV for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When pt’s hip is flexed to a 90o angle producing pain in the hamstring area when knee is extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caused by a genetic abnormality, characterized by severe changes in the intestinal mucosa and impaired absorption of most nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common sign of malabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of excessive fat in the stool, stools are large bulkey foamy and foul smelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steatorhea, weight loss, fatigue, decreased libido, easy bruising, edenma, anemia and bone pain |
|
|
Term
| celiac disease is treated with avoiding products that contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products that contain gluten |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chest pain that occurs with physical exertion, relieved by rest or medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results when the demand for 02 by the myocardial cells exceeds the supply of o2 delivered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs most often with excercise or activity and usually subsides with rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of stable angina |
|
Definition
| beta blocekers, calcium channel blockers, nitrate s |
|
|
Term
| all patients with angina, in the absence of contraindication should take _ daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrates such as _ are used to treat the acutal episodes of angina and to prevent it's occurance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after the inital relief and control of the anginal pain the focus of therapy will turn to risk reduction including |
|
Definition
| blood pressure control, smoking cessation, lipid control, health diet and tight glucose control for diabtetic patients, increasing physical activity, patient education and yearly flu vaccine |
|
|
Term
| recommended diet to help prevent cancer |
|
Definition
| low in fat calories and preservatives and high in fiber, with at least 5 servings of fruits or breakfast |
|
|
Term
| four major type sof cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| alcoholic, postnecrotic, biliary and cardiac cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| the liver enlarges, becomes knobby and then shrinks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can be a complication of hepatitis in which massive liver cell necrosis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| devleops as a result of obstruction to bile flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follows sever right sided heart failur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slight weightloss, unexplained fever, fatigue, dull heaviness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, liver may be palapal below the right rib margin |
|
|
Term
| epoetin alfa is usallually adminsitered until the hematocrits is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dextran should be adminestered using the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Universal blood recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelet transfusions are done when plt count drops below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryoprecipitate contains only fibrinogen and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indications for packed red blood cells |
|
Definition
| symptomatic anemia caused by low hematocrit or hemoglobin, |
|
|
Term
| inidcations for platelets/apheresis platelets |
|
Definition
| bleeding r/t thrombocytopenia, pt at serious risk of bleeding |
|
|
Term
| blood should be adnministered using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cloting deficiences, TTP, hemophilia B, rapid reversal of warfarin, massive RBC transfusions |
|
|
Term
| inidcations for cryoprecipated AHF, pooled cryo-precipitated AHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of hmemolytic tranfusion reaction |
|
Definition
| fever, chills, nausea, dyspnea, chest pain, back pain, hypotension, hematuria |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of anaphylactic transfusion reacton |
|
Definition
| urticaria, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of fevrile tranfusion reacton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of circulatory overload |
|
Definition
| cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| sympoms of delayed hemolytic tranfusion reactions |
|
Definition
| unexplained fever, unexplained decrease hemogloblin and hematocrit |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbial infections fo the endocardium primarily affect the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the incidence of infective endocarditis is higher in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients with known _ are also at risk for IE and should be treated with prophylactic _ before any dental or invasive procedures |
|
Definition
| valvular disease, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| pathogens accumulates on the heart valves, the endocardium or both and forms vegetation |
|
Definition
| infective/bacterial indocarditis |
|
|
Term
| complications of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most frequent cause of death with IE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s&s of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| fever accompanied by chills and night sweats, chills, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, chest or abdominal pain, petechiae inside the mouth and on the ankles, feet and antecubital areas, osler nodes may be seen on fingertips or toes, janeyway lesions may be noted on palms and soles, new or changing heart murmur |
|
|
Term
| pea sized tender, red to purple lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial drugs, rest and limitation of activities (primary therapeutic measures for IE) |
|
|
Term
| antimicrobials to treat infective endocarditis are usually given IV for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When pt’s hip is flexed to a 90o angle producing pain in the hamstring area when knee is extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caused by a genetic abnormality, characterized by severe changes in the intestinal mucosa and impaired absorption of most nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common sign of malabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of excessive fat in the stool, stools are large bulkey foamy and foul smelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steatorhea, weight loss, fatigue, decreased libido, easy bruising, edenma, anemia and bone pain |
|
|
Term
| celiac disease is treated with avoiding products that contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products that contain gluten |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chest pain that occurs with physical exertion, relieved by rest or medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results when the demand for 02 by the myocardial cells exceeds the supply of o2 delivered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs most often with excercise or activity and usually subsides with rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of stable angina |
|
Definition
| beta blocekers, calcium channel blockers, nitrate s |
|
|
Term
| all patients with angina, in the absence of contraindication should take _ daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrates such as _ are used to treat the acutal episodes of angina and to prevent it's occurance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after the inital relief and control of the anginal pain the focus of therapy will turn to risk reduction including |
|
Definition
| blood pressure control, smoking cessation, lipid control, health diet and tight glucose control for diabtetic patients, increasing physical activity, patient education and yearly flu vaccine |
|
|
Term
| recommended diet to help prevent cancer |
|
Definition
| low in fat calories and preservatives and high in fiber, with at least 5 servings of fruits or breakfast |
|
|
Term
| four major type sof cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| alcoholic, postnecrotic, biliary and cardiac cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| the liver enlarges, becomes knobby and then shrinks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can be a complication of hepatitis in which massive liver cell necrosis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| devleops as a result of obstruction to bile flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follows sever right sided heart failur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slight weightloss, unexplained fever, fatigue, dull heaviness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, liver may be palpable below the right rib margin |
|
|
Term
| as cirrhosis progresses impaired metabolism of _ causes |
|
Definition
carbs, fats and proteins
anorexia, nausea vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, flatulencs and dyspepsia |
|
|
Term
| elevated pressure in the veins in the gi tract form cirrhosis causes themt to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dilated veins n the esophaugs are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dilated veins in the rectum are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hematologic disorders associated with cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| anemia, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and protrhombin deficiency |
|
|
Term
| the diseased liver is unable to metabolize |
|
Definition
| estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone and adrenocortical hromones |
|
|
Term
| _ may be noted in men with cirrhosis and _ may be noted in women |
|
Definition
testicular atrophym imptence and hormone excess, gynocomastia
amenorrea |
|
|
Term
| _ attributed to hormone excess caused by cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| palmar erythema and spider angiomas |
|
|
Term
| cirrhosis impairs the liver's abiltiy to manufacture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral neuropathin is charactreized by _ and is common with _ |
|
Definition
tingling or numbness in the extremities
cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| paripheral neuropathy caused by cirrhosis is caused by dieteray deficiencs of |
|
Definition
| vitamin b12, thiamin, folic acid |
|
|
Term
| complications of cirrhoissi |
|
Definition
| esophageal varices, ascites, hepatic encdphalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| high portal pressure caused by obstruction of flow of inconming blood causing blood to back up into the portal system caused by cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| portal hypertension causes _ to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collater cessels commonly form in the |
|
Definition
| esophagus, anterior abdominal wall and the rectom |
|
|
Term
| involuntary contrations of the hands when inflating bp cuff r/t hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytonadione is also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conservative treatment of the sytemic effects of chronci kindey disease includes |
|
Definition
IV glucose and insulin, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, or sodium polystrene sulfonate to treat hyperkalemia
statins in the early (decreases risk of cardiovascular complications)
calcium, active vitamin D, phosphate binders to treat hypocalcemia
fluid and sodium restriction (treat hypovolemia)
diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers (treat hypertension)
water-soluble vitamins (replace after dialysis)
iron supplements, folic acid, synthetic erythropoietin (for anemia)
hypertonic glucose (disequilibrium syndrome)
diet |
|
|
Term
| when kidney failure can no longer be managed conservatively, _ is required to sustain life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remove end products of protein metabolism from blood
maintain safe concetrations of serum electrolytes
cprrect acodpsos
remove excess fluid from the blood |
|
|
Term
| two primary means of dialysis |
|
Definition
| hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis |
|
|
Term
| process by which blood is remvoed from the body and circulated through an artificial kidney for removal of excess fluid, electrolytes and wastes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when too much arterial blood is diverted from the extremity by the access device |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interruption of blood flow to part of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of stroke among the young include |
|
Definition
| drug abuse, use of birth control pills in combination with smoking, congenital heart conditions, mitral valve prolapse, atrial firbrillation, infectious endocarditis, sickle cell anemia, rheumatic fever, leukemia |
|
|
Term
| a common denominator of many of the risk factors of stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden numbness/weakness of the face arm or leg
sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, sudden sever headach with no known cause |
|
|
Term
| transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia without acute infarction |
|
Definition
| transient ischemic attack |
|
|
Term
| it is beleived that at least _ of blood flow to an area must be blocked before signs and symptoms of tia appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important warning signs for the individual who could potentially experience a full stroke in the future |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a tool used to assess the risk of stroke after TIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when using the ABCD scoring symptoms scores are assiged based on |
|
Definition
| age, blood presure(first clinical eval), clinical symptoms and duration of symptoms and idagnosis of diabetes |
|
|
Term
| the greater the ABCD score(0-7) the greater risk for having a stroke within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dizziness, momentary confusion, loss of speech, loss fo balance, tinnitus, viusal distrubances, ptosis, dysarthria, dysphagia, drooping mouth, weakness and tingiling or numbness on one side of the body |
|
|
Term
| the PT is sually kept in the therapeutic range of _ times normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indicated for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
|
Definition
| rivaroxaban and dabigatran |
|
|
Term
| recommended for patients with elevated lips or coranary artery disease or when evidence exsts that the TIA is r/t atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common surgery to treat TIA |
|
Definition
| carotid endarterectomy transluminal angioplasty |
|
|
Term
| an abrupt impairment of brain function resulting in a set of neurologic signs and symptoms caused by impaired blood flow to the brain and that last more than 24 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a blood vessel inthe brain ruptures and bleeding into the brain occurs, as a result, intracranial pressure may increase, disrupting normal cerebral function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ischemic stroke is caused by the obstructionof a blodo vessels by an |
|
Definition
| artherosclerotic plaque, blodo clot, combination of the two, or other debris that impedes blood flow |
|
|
Term
| develops when an obstruction forms in a blood vess of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results from occlusion of the small penetrating arteries deep within the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke genrally occur suddenly and may include |
|
Definition
| sever headache(worst headache of my life), stiff neck, loss of consciousness, vomiting and seizures |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of embolic stroke (often appear without warning): |
|
Definition
| unilateral weakness, numbness, visual problems, confusion and memory lapses, headache, dysphagia, language problems |
|
|
Term
| signs and symptoms of thrombotic stroke may be the same as those of an embolic stroke however the symptoms may developm more |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long term affects of stroke |
|
Definition
| aphasia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspraxia, hemiplegia, senosry impairment, unilateral neglct, homonymous hemianopsia, personality change, emotional lability, impaired cognition, bladder dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| defect of the use of language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difficulty understanding spoken or written words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the partial inability to initate coardinated voluntary motor acts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a perceptual problem that involves a loss of one side of the field of vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t-pA should be given within _ after stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pt on diuretics should not their _ consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crohns disease is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crohns disease can affect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of crohn disease when the stomach and duodenum are involved |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of crohn disease if the small intestine is invovled |
|
Definition
| pain, abdominal tenderness, cramping |
|
|
Term
| an enflamed colon r/t crohns diseas typically causes |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| systemic signs and symptoms of crohns disease |
|
Definition
| fever, night sweats, malaise, joint pain |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment of crohns disease involves |
|
Definition
corticosteroids
immunosuppresant agents
antidiarrheal agents
anticholinergics
antibiotics
aminosalicylates
iron supplements
infliximab
antidepressants |
|
|
Term
| used to treat mild to moderately sever attacks of crohn disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibiotics used to treat crohns disease |
|
Definition
| sulfasalazine, mesalamin, olsalazin, metroniadazole |
|
|
Term
| used to block the inflammatory processin crohn disease for patients who do not respond well to azathioprine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crohn disease is less responsive to aminosalicylates oso the patient may be maintained on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low roughage without milk products |
|
|
Term
| the failing liver is unable to detoxify ammonian, the excessive ammonia in the blood causes neurologic symptoms including cognitive disturbances declining LOC and changes in neuromuscular function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some interventions for hepatic encephalopathy involve |
|
Definition
| administereing lactulose, miralax, antibiotics such as rifamaxin or neomycin, or albumin dialysis |
|
|
Term
| typical findings ocnsisten with hepatitis included |
|
Definition
| elevated serum enzymes, serum and urinary bilirubin and urinary bilinogen, protlonged prothrombin time, albumin low or normal, gamma globulin normal or high |
|
|
Term
| the pt with cholecystitis and choolelithiasis may have a _ of vitamin k |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analgesic, decreses response ot increased co2, decreses GI secretions |
|
|
Term
| pain medication for pancreatitis |
|
Definition
| morphine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, tramadol or hydrocodone |
|
|
