Term
| hyperemesis gravidarum differs from morning sickness of pregnancy in one or more of the following ways |
|
Definition
persistent n/v
significant weight loss (more than 5% of prepregnant weight)
dehydration
electrolyte and acid base imbalances
ketonuria
psychological factors such as unusual stress, emotional immaturity, passivity or ambivalence about the pregnancy |
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|
Term
| dehydration r/t hyperemisis gravidarum is evidenced by |
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Definition
| dry tongue and mucus membranes, decreased tugor, of the skin, scant and concentrated urin and a high serum hematocrit levels |
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|
Term
| antiemetic drugs such as _ at bedtime _ and _ may be prescribed for severe symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum in the outpatient setting |
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Definition
| diclegis, transdermal clonidine, oral ondansetron |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| diclegis is also known as |
|
Definition
| doxylamine succinate and yridoxine hydrochloride |
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Term
| removal of the entire breast |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| radical mastectomy is removal of all |
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Definition
| breast tissue, overlying skinm axillary lymph nodes and underlying pectoral muscles |
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Term
| a variation of radical mastectomy ads remval of the |
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Definition
| internal mammary lymphatic chain |
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|
Term
| interventions to manage lymphedema r/t to mastectomy |
|
Definition
elevat arm above heart level
measure bp on the unaffected size
do not use affected arm for venipuncture, injections or parenteral fluid administration
do no apply dodorant to or shave the axilla on the affected side
frequently measure the circumfernce ot the affected arm (immediately report an increase)
encourage the patient to use the arm for as many ADLs as possible |
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Term
| inserted into the body in a sealed container |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| example of sealed source radiation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sealed source radiation is inserted into body cavities that to treat cancer of the |
|
Definition
| prostate, mouth, tongue, vagina and cervix |
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|
Term
| sealed source radiation may alsoc be placed in |
|
Definition
| threads, beads, needles or seeds |
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|
Term
| sealed source radiation may also be enclosed in a _ and applied |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the patient with sealed source radiation body fluids as well as objects the patient touches are not radioactive because the radiation source is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oophorectomy is exicision of the |
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Definition
| uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries d |
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|
Term
| cervical cancer generally grows |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| advanced cervical cancer may invade such surrounding structures such as |
|
Definition
| pelvic walls, bowel and bladder |
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|
Term
| risk for cervical cancer is increased in womane who have been infected with the |
|
Definition
| hpv high risk types or HIV |
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|
Term
| additional factors associated with cervical cancer |
|
Definition
| cigarette smoking, initial sexual intercourse in early adolescence, compromised immune system, multiple sex partners |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advanced cancer may also be _ or may be associated with _ |
|
Definition
asymptomatic
blood tinged or frank blood vaginal discharge, menstrual irregularites or bleeding after intercourse |
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|
Term
| invasion of cervical cancer into adjacent structures causes site related symptoms such as |
|
Definition
| pain, backache and bleeding and anemia because of chronic bleeding may develop |
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Term
| cervical cancer is often first suspected when a positive pap test result reveals _ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cervical cancer is preceded by changes in cells called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cervical cancer is staged according to the extent of invasio with _ signifying limitation to the cervical epithelium and stge _ indicating metastasis to distant organs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mild dysplasia r/t cervical cancer may be treated with |
|
Definition
| loop electrosurgical excision |
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Term
| uses electricity to destroy abnormal tissue |
|
Definition
| loop electrosurgical exision |
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|
Term
| locilized carcinoma may be treated with |
|
Definition
| laser destruction, cryosurger, or conization alone, total hysterectomy(if childbearing isn't desired) |
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|
Term
| invasive cancer is treated with |
|
Definition
| radiation, surgery or chemotherapy |
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|
Term
| because effective treament requires proper placement of sealed source treatment for cervical cancer, the pt is _ as much as possible for the duration during the treatment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| radical hysterectomy invovles |
|
Definition
| removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, upper third fo the vagina and usually the overies |
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|
Term
| total pelvic exenteration involves |
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Definition
| removal of the uterus, voaries, fallopina tubes, vigna, bladder, urethra, descending colon, rectom, anal canal, pelvic lymp nodes |
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|
Term
| the standard surgical procedure r/t prostatectomy |
|
Definition
| transurthral resectionof the prostate (turp) |
|
|
Term
| no _ incision made for TURP |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a standord or _ is commonly used to maintain continuous irrigation and bladder drainage after a TURP |
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Definition
| triple lumen urinary catehter |
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Term
| performed through the bladder by way of a low abdominal incision |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| suprapubic prostatectomy may be selected when the _ is ver large or when _ also exist that require surgical correction |
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Definition
| prostate, bladder abnormalities |
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|
Term
| _ uses a low abdominal incision of the front prostate, the _ is not cut |
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Definition
| retropubic prostatectomy, bladder |
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Term
| a perineal prostatectomy requires an incision between the _ to gain access to the prostate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| radical prostatectomy includes removal of the |
|
Definition
| prostate gland, the outer capsule, the seminal vesicles, sections of the vas deferens and sometimes a portion of the bladder neck |
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|
Term
| low oxygen level in the blood |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| be alert to abnormally _ and to _ which may be a sign of hypoxia |
|
Definition
| rapid or slow breathing, mtachycardia |
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|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of air embolus are: |
|
Definition
Respiratory distress
Increased heart rate
Cyanosis
Decreased blood pressure
Change in LOC |
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Term
| the first sign of a fat embolism |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, concusion and decreased LOC |
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Term
| In adults the most commonly fractured bones are |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in _ a hematoma forms between the two broken ends of the bone |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| callus formmation in bone healing occurs |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ossification of bone healing occurs within |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| consolidation and remodeling |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| short term complications of fracters |
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Definition
| infection, fat embolism, deep vein thrombosis, compartment syndrome and shock |
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Term
| primary symptom of compartment syndrome |
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Definition
| paint that cannont be relieved with opiod analgesic |
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Term
| other signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome |
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Definition
| edema, pallor,weak or unequal pulses, cyanosis, tingling, numbness and parethesia |
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Term
| the process of bringing the ends of the broken bone into proper alignment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bone is broken or ocrushed into small pieces |
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Definition
|
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Term
| types of materials used for a cast |
|
Definition
| plaster of paris, fiberglass, thermoplastic resins, thermolabile plastic and polyester cotton knit impregnated with polyurethane |
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|
Term
| plaster of paris consists of |
|
Definition
| anhdrous calcium sulfate embedded in gauze |
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|
Term
| cheapest cast type to use |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| initially the wet cast of plaster of paris is hot and the heat may cause |
|
Definition
| edema of underlying tissues |
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|
Term
| the plaster of paris dries after about |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| drying time for fiber glass |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| fiberglass can stand weight bearign after |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| weight used during skin traction should not be more than |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of skeletal traction |
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Definition
| gardner wells, crutch field, vinke tongs, halo vest |
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|
Term
| crutch on one side and the opposite foot are advanced at the same time |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| two point gait is used with |
|
Definition
| partial weight bering limitations |
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|
Term
| both crutches and the food of the affected extremity are advanced together followed by food of the unaffected extremety |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| partial or no weight bearing |
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|
Term
| cholesterol is used to form _ for the digestion of _ and the production of _ |
|
Definition
bile salts,
fat,
adrenal, ovarian, testicular hormone |
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|
Term
| the normal adult serum cholesterol level is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hypercholestrolemia are associated with increased risk of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholesteral accumulates in the arterial lumen and in time results in decreased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two forms of cholesterol most closely correlated with CHD |
|
Definition
| high density lipoproteins and lowdensity lipo proteins |
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|
Term
| recommened HDL levels _ for men and _ for women |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal tryglicerid levels for men _ and _ for women |
|
Definition
| 40 to 160 mg/dL, 35 to 135 mg/dL |
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|
Term
| a condition in which a person ahs too few platelets circulatin in the blood |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| major cause of thrombocytopenia is r/t inadequate prodcution of platelts is treatment of cancer with |
|
Definition
| cheomotherpay or radiation therapy |
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|
Term
| in pt treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy thrombocytopenia can be expected _ after treatment, and lasts until the bone marrow is able to make more platelts which is usually _ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| two examples of thrombocytopenia resulting from too many plts being either destroyed or consumed are |
|
Definition
| idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic, thrombocytopenic purpura |
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|
Term
| symptoms of thrombocytopenia include |
|
Definition
| petechiae and purpura, gingival bleeding, epistaxis |
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|
Term
| bone cells destroyed exceed bone cells being formed |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| estrogen deficiency, physical inactivity, low body weight, inadequate calcium, protein or vitamin d intake, long term therapy with corticosterods or heparin and excessive use of cigarettes, caffene, and alcohol |
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Term
|
Definition
| back pain, ractures, loss of height because of vertebral compression and kyphosis |
|
|
Term
| often the patient has no symptoms of ostoporis until a fracture |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| preventative measures for osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| calcium and vitamin d supplementation, physical activity, smoking cessaion, limited alcohol intake, estrogen replacement(in some cases) |
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Term
| drugs that may be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| bisphosphonates, calcitonin, hormone therapy, SERMS, parathyroid hormone, prolia |
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Term
|
Definition
| fosamax, boniva, actonel and reclast |
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|
Term
| calcitonin to treat osteo porosis is sold as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| SERMS used to treat osteoporsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone to treat ostoporosis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a biologic drug used to treat osteo porosis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| newest ateoporosis drug, targes a chemical inthe immune system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| prolea may cause _ and could increase |
|
Definition
| low blood calcium, risk of infection |
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|
Term
| recommended elemental calcium intake for postmenopasal women |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postmenopausal women who are not on estrogen replacement therapy need _ of calcium |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a chronic progressive inflmamatory disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mosst notable effect of RA is on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| onset of symptoms of rheumatoid arthrits is characterized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than join effects RA can be manifested in |
|
Definition
| rheumatoid nodules, diminished lacrimal and salivary secretions, inflammation of the eye, enlargemtn of the spleen and lymphg nodes, pulmonary diseas and blood dyscrasias |
|
|
Term
| rheumatoid noducles usually develop on the |
|
Definition
| finters, elbows, base of the spine, back of the head, sclera and lungs |
|
|
Term
| some patiens with RA develop clusters of smptoms including |
|
Definition
| sjogren, felty or caplan syndrome, |
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|
Term
| felty syndrome is characterized by |
|
Definition
| liver and spleen elargement and neutropenia |
|
|
Term
| sjogren syndrom is charactrized by |
|
Definition
| drness of the mouth, eeys and vagina |
|
|
Term
| caplan syndrome is marked by rheumatoid noduls in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caplan syndrome occurs most often in |
|
Definition
| coal miners and asbestos works |
|
|
Term
| five types of medications used to treat RA |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS, steroids, mthotrexat and DMARDS, biologic response modifies that are of a subset of DMARDs, janus kinase inhiborts |
|
|
Term
| aggressive therapies are used in treating RA to relive inflammation within a _ periot and to prevent _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a DMARD that can reportedly slow the progression of RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maximal effects of DMARDs may require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pts on glucocorticoid therapy r/t RA should recive _ to prevent osteoporsisi associated with glucocorticoid therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| newest medications that act on the immune system to stop the inflammatory process of RA |
|
Definition
| JAK inhibitors or jakinibs |
|
|
Term
| the only JAK inibitor approved by the FDA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of exercise tha tmay benefit the patient with RA include |
|
Definition
| walking, cycling, aerobics, yoga and aquatics |
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|
Term
| surgical treatment for RA |
|
Definition
| synovectomy, tenosynovectomy, arthrodesis |
|
|
Term
| _ on arising may relieve morning pain ans stiffness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RA may occur at anytime but peaks at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common symptom of RA |
|
Definition
| pain is aggravated by movement |
|
|
Term
| mournign stiffness lasting more than _ is almost always a feature of RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| joint changes of RA are usually _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other symptoms of RA include |
|
Definition
| weakness, easy fatigability, anorexia, weightloss, muscle aches and tenderness and warmth and swelling of the affected joints |
|
|
Term
| high blood presure is difned as |
|
Definition
| systolic >14o and diastolic greater than 90 |
|
|
Term
| complications of hypertension |
|
Definition
| damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidnesy brain and eyes, increase after 50 years of age |
|
|
Term
| primary (essential) hypertension is more come in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for primary hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary hypertension is more commmon in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary hypertension in most cases is caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systolic between 120 and 139, diastolic of 80 and 89 |
|
|
Term
| the cause for primary htn is _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary htn is cause by underlying factors such as |
|
Definition
| kidney disease, certain arterial conditions, some drugs, occasionally pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| most significant risk factors fro primary htn |
|
Definition
| dyslipidemia, aterosclerosis, dm, TABACOO USE, >age 55 in men >age 65 in women, family hx, sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| symptoms that may accompany HTN |
|
Definition
| occiptial headaches that are mroe sever on arising, light headedness, epistaxis |
|
|
Term
| most serious consequences of HTN |
|
Definition
| heart attack, heart failur, stroke, kidney disease and blindness |
|
|
Term
| coronary heart disease r/t htn can result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first line antihypertensive drugs include |
|
Definition
| thazide diuretics, angeotensi convertin enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers |
|
|
Term
| beta blockers rduce bp by blocking the beta effects of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common side affects of beta blockers |
|
Definition
| bradycardia, hypotesnion, hypoglycemia, increased low density lipoprotein |
|
|
Term
| beta blockers are usually not recommended in patients with |
|
Definition
| asthma, COPD, heart block |
|
|
Term
| people with diabetes should be watched carefully for _ because betablockers lower _ and suppress the usual signs of _ |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia, blood glucose, hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| _ may be the only sign of hypoglycemia when people with diabetes are taking beta blockes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the action of calcium channel blockers: |
|
Definition
| reduces the heart rate, decreases the force fo cardiac contracion, dilates peripheral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| examples of calcium channel blockers used for HTN |
|
Definition
| dilitiazem, isradipin, nicardipin, nifedipin, amlodipin, amlodipine and artorvastatin, verapamil |
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|
