Chapter 1: What is Life?

1. Different molecular structure

2. Requires enery and raw materials

3. Composed of cells

4. Maintain homeostasis

5. Respond to external environment

6. Grow and reproduce

7. Populations are capable of evovling

Chapter 1: 5 Kingdoms of Classification

1. Monera: bacteria; has a cell wall but no membrane bound nucleus

2. Animalia: Heterotrophic eukaryotes

3. Platea: Autotrophic eukaryotes

4. Fungi: decomposers like mushrooms, yeast etc

5. Protista: Uni-cellular organisms that can cause diseases like malaria

Chapter 1: Levels of Organization (smallest to largest)

1. Molecular level: atoms (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)

2. Cell level: smallest unit of life (Epithelial cells, muscle fibers, neurons)

3. Tissue Level: group of cells working together (connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelium)

4. Organ level: stomach, kidney, heart, brain

6. Organism level: Whole animals

Chapter 1: Homeostasis

Living things maintaining a constant internal environment

Lecture 2: Ethics

Set of right or conduct; branch of philosophy that deals with morality

Lecture 2: Bio-Ethics

Study of ethical and moral implications of biology discoveries and medical advances

Lecture 2 Deontology:

concerned with duty and rights no matter what the outcome is (must not kill one person to save others; killing is wrong)

Lecture 2 Utilitarianism:

Moral worth of action is determined by the pleasure of the outcome (If we have to kill one person to save more people, we should do it)

Rights

Claim that can be made on the society; includes moral rights, positive and negative rights

Lecture 2 Casuist:

Cased based reasoning (lawyer's case)

Lecture 2: Virtue

Trait or quality deemed morally excellent (couraege, prudence etc)

Lecture 3: Science

study or observation of our natural world through hypothesis driven investigation

Lecture 3: Scientific Methods

1. Observe and generalize

2. Make a hypothesis

3. Make testable prediction

4. Experiment

5. Report results

6. Draw conclusions

Lecture 3: Critical Thinking

Being skeptical, looking at statistics etc

Lecture 3: Anecdotal Thinking

Short, unverified evidence (thinking about evidence or facts that may only be true for a portion of the population)

Lecture 3: Roles of Science in Society

1. Improves technology

2. It has limits

3. Helps us make informed choices

Lecture 4: Evolution

Extensive and ongoing change

Lecture 4: Phylogeny

History of animal life as a branching geneological tree

Lecture 4: Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

French scientist who hypothesized that organisms striving to meet demands of environment, aquire adaptations and pass them on to their offsprings through heredity

Lecture 4: Charles Darwin

British naturalist who hypothesized that the change in species overtime are due to the different survival and reproduction  among organisms that differ in heridtary traits not by inheritancy of the traits.

Lecture 4: General Principles of Evolution

1. Perpetual Change (all species are in continous perpetual state of change)

2. Common Descent: all species have descended from a commong ancestor through branching lineages

3. Multiplication of species: new species are created via the transformation of existing species

4. Gradualism: evolution model that gradual change over time leads to formation of new species

5. Puncuated Evolution: Evolution model that is characterized by little or no change

6. Natural Selection: Individuals with advantegeous adaptations will produce more offsprings

Lecture 4: Thomas Huxley

Zoologist who became an advocate of Charles Darwin's idea of evolution

Lecture 4: Charles Lyell

Famous Geologist who wrote "Principles of Geology" and stated the theory of Uniformitarianism (describes the earth's natural proccess)

Lecture 4: Random Mutations

Change in genetic material that changes the cell and all other cells derived from that cell to differ in appearace or behavior

Lectue 4: Sexual Selection

Selection based on mating behavior

Lecture 4: Genetic Drift

Random changes in gene frequency

Lecture 4: Bottleneck Effect

Rapid population decrease resulting in the loss of genetic material

Lecture 4: Founder Effect

Establishment of new population by small group of people; creates an isolated pool of people

Lecture 4: Gene Flow

Movement of genes into or through a population through interbreeding or migration

Lecture 4: Evolutionary tree/Phylogenetic Tree

To trace evolutionary change and relationship through species

Lecture 4: Extant

Species that are still existing

Lecture 4: Adaptive Radiation

Short period of evoultionary activity

Lecture 5: Parts of the Nucleus

Chromosomes: Rodlike structure of tightyly covered Chromatin; visible in  nuclues during cell division

Lecture 5: Parts of Nucleus (Chromatin)

Threadlike material in the nucleus composed of DNA and protein

Lecture 5: Parts of Nucleus (Nucleolus)

Spherical body in cell involved with ribosomal subunit synthesis and storage

Lecture 5: Ribosomes

Structure consisting of rRNA and protein in which amino acids are assembled into proteins; they can float freely in cytoplasm or attached to the ER

Lecture 5: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous network (channel or tube) located in cytoplasm of a cell; site for protein production and other compounds

Lecture 5: Smooth ER

Lipids are sythesized; calcium is pumped and stored

Lecture 5: Rough ER

Has ribosomes and synthesises proteins

Lecture 5: Lysosomes

Organelle from golgi apartus contains strong digestive system

Lecture 5: Peroxisomes

Membrane bound vesicle in cell cytoplasm containing powerful enzymes that detoxify harmful or toxic substances

Lecture 5: Mitochondria

Cytoplasmic organelle responsible for ATP; has double membrane; inner membrane contains enyzme that breakes down foods