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| Method that will always produce a solution to a problem, although the process can be inefficient sometimes; a known procedure |
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| resources available to you can be used in more than one way; people who are fixated on an object's purpose are bad problem-solvers |
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| Dangle two strings that you must tie together. The strings are too short to be tied at their ends. A functional fixedness problem. |
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| Asked people to end up with a lit candle off the ground. The people were provided with a candle, matches, and a box of thumb tacs. This is an example of a functional fixedness problem. |
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| Gave people 7 problems with a pitcher involving how to get a pitcher with an exact amount of liquid. This is an example of a mental set problem. |
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| You get used to solving a problem in a particular way and you get stuck in that way of thinking. |
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| Situation at the beginning of a problem. |
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| Reached which you solve the problem. |
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| When searching for the problem you are in search of __________. |
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| All of the possible ways to solve a problem. |
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| You want to select the alternative that moves you toward your goal; this eliminates any backtracking, which can be essential for problem-solving. |
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| (1) first you divide the problem into a number of subproblems. (2) then you try to reduce the difference between the initial state and the goal state for each of the problem's. |
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Good prediction accuracy (can you solve the problem?)
Thinking aloud is not disruptive (verbal protocall) |
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Poor prediction accuracy.
Thinking aloud is disruptive and what you say aloud does not indicate how you get to a solution. |
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| General rule that is usually correct. |
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| The specific objects and terms used in the question of a problem. |
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| Structural features/deep structure |
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| The underlying core that they must understand in order to solve the problem correctly. |
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| Which kind of problem do can you describe metacognitively? |
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| Which kind of problem can you not explain metacognitively? |
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| Which kind of problem can involve backtracking? |
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| Which kind of problem cannot involve backtracking; the answer just comes to you? |
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| At the heart of the problem, two problems are the same but they are presented/look different. |
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| Leave a problem and go back to it at another time. |
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| Which kind of structure is easy to identify in two problems? |
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| A problem can be a(n) __________ of another problem, meaning they have the same deep structure. |
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| Our understanding of what a problem is; our understanding of what a goal is and the committed steps |
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| You can get stuck in a problem if you pick the wrong __________, or if your __________ has errors. |
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| ________ goals are essential for problem-solving; found in means-ends analysis of solving a problem. |
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| Problem where there is a consonant on one side, therefore there must be an even number on the other side. |
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| Confirmation bias and not understanding the deep structure |
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| The Wason Card Problem is an example of what kind of problem? |
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| Not testing the option that would prove the hypothesis wrong; i.e. turning over the card 2 in the Wason Card Problem. |
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| Who developed the human problem solver? |
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| What method does the Human Problem Solver use? |
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| The goal is not obvious; means-ends analysis is not useful |
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| To create a theory that reduced the number of subgoals between the initial state and goal state. |
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| What was the goal of Newell and Simon's work? |
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| A heuristic is a general rule, and an algorithm is a known procedure. |
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| What is the difference between a heuristic and algorithm? |
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| The problem initially seems impossible to solve, but an alternative approach suddenly bursts into your consciousness, you immediately realize that your new solution is correct. |
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| The differences in levels of confidence when solving the problem. Insight problems have low confidence until the answer pops in your head, whereas noninsight problems have gradual confidence as you solve a problem. |
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| What distinguishes an insight problem from a noninsight problem? |
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| Heuristics and biases approach |
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| Simplify problems we don't know how to solve and answer a question you don't know the answer to. |
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| Predictable, systematic mistakes. These get studied to figure out what heuristic was used. |
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| Example problem: which is more common - words that start with K or words with K as the third letter? We can more readily think of more words that start with K rather than words with the third letter is K, so we falsely think that more words start with K. |
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| We judge likelihood and probability by how well things resemble another. |
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| Using a question you already know the answer to and applying it to a question you don't know the answer to. Example: guessing the population of Winona based on the population of Rochester. |
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| Which is more common: suicide or murders? You would probably say murders because they are on the news more, but suicides are actually more common. |
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| Who is associated with the availability heuristic and bias? |
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| Who is associated with the availability heuristic and bias? |
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| Having two characteristics could be more likely than having one. Example: Linda Problem |
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| Different choices of how you ask a question; irrelevant details of a question can alter how the question is perceived. Ex: surgery example |
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| Trying to avoid losses; feelings are stronger if you lose something rather than gain something (surgery example) |
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| Whether a change is noticed or not, it matters where the start of the change is; the greater the intensity of the stimulus, the larger the difference needs to be. (Example: $10 is very different from $20, but $400 isn't that different from $410) |
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| Decrease the recency effect. |
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| A brief distraction delay before attempting to recall items on a list will tend to... |
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| George Sperling's research on the partial report paradigm found that our memory does include... |
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| Levels of processing approach |
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| Emphasize the importance of meaning during encoding (shallow or deep meaning) |
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| What kid of amnesia did HM have? |
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| Recall and recognition are examples of the more general term ____________. |
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| Episodic memory & semantic memory. |
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| Two kids of long-term memory that can readily be put into words. |
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| Objects that are located on the LEFT project images on the_______, and on the ________ half of your retina. |
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| A(n) _______ code emphasizes the resemblance between a visual stimulus and a mental image. |
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