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| An unverified explanation of a natural phenomenon |
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| The process of making observations, proposing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and developing a theory that explains a natural event |
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| An explanation of an observation that has been validated by experiments that support a hypothesis |
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| The formula for Density is |
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| The formula to change Celsius to Fº is |
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| The formula to change Celsius to Kelvin is |
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heat cal(or J)
grams x (Change in Temp Cº)
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| A _______ is matter that has a definite composition. There are two kinds: elements and compounds |
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| An ______ is the simplest pure substance b/c it is composed of only one kind of material. Ex. Si, Fe, Al |
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| A ______ is also a pure substance, but it consists of two or more elements always in the same proportion. |
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| In a _______ two or more substances are physically _____, but not chemically combined |
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| In a ________ mixture, also called a solution, the composition is uniform throughout the sample. Ex. air, saltwater |
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| Has a definite volume but not a definite shape, particles move in random directions but are sufficiently attracted to each other to matin def. vol. not a rigid structure |
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| Has a definite shape and volume, strong attractive forces hold particles close together |
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| Does not have a def. shape or volume. The particles are far apart, have little attraction, move at high speeds, taking shape/vol. of container |
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Group 1 - alkali metals
Group 2 - Alkaline earth metals
Middle Transition elements
Group 7 - Halogens
Group 8 - Noble gases |
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Green - Metals
Blue - Metalliods
Yellow - Nonmetals |
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| Is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, is used to identify and define each element |
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| number of protons + number of neutrons |
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| are toms of the same element that have diff. number of neutrons |
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| the weighed average of the ______ of all the naturally occuring isotopes of that element |
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| of a radioisotope is the time for a radiation level to decrease (decay) to one-half of the original value |
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4 He
2
mass number 4 less
atomic number 2 less
shielding: paper, clothing |
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0 e
-1
Mass # - same
Atomic # - +1
shielding: Heavy clothing, lab coats, gloves |
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| _____ atoms lose all their valence electrons from their outermost energy level |
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| The size of nonmetal atoms _______ because they gain electrons in the outermost energy level. |
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| Loss and gain of electrons |
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| A covalent bond between atoms with identical or very similar electronegativity values is ________ |
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| Atoms with diff. electronegativity values. When electrons are shared unequally, the bond is _____ |
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A polar covalent bond that has a separation of charges is called a
δ+ and δ - , δ+ and δ- |
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Shared equally H-H 0 - 0.4 -
Shared unequally H δ+-Br δ- 0.5 - 1.7
Electron transfer Na+ Cl - 1.8 + |
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VSEPR theory
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion |
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| indicates that the electron groups will move as far apart as possible to reduce the repulsion between their negative charges |
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| Molecules with two or more polar bonds can also be ______ if the polar bonds have a symmetrical arrangement in the molecule |
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| In a _______ molecule, one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than another end. Occurs when the polar bonds dont cancel each other |
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| a _______ molecule occurs when the polar bonds or dipoles in a molecule cancel each other |
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Arranged from....
Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole attractions, dispersion forces |
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| bottom of the arrow weakest, top of the arrow strongest |
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| is defined as the loss of electrons |
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| defined as the gain of electrons |
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| electrons are transferred from one substance to another |
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| In terms of oxidation and reduction atoms of a metal are ________, and atoms of a nonmetal are _______ |
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losing electrons _______ charge
gaining electrons _______ charge |
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| Avogadro's number is______ is used as a conversion between the moles of a substance and number of particles it contains |
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| Alkali metals, NH4+1, NO3-1, Cl, Br, I, SO4-2 |
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Ag, Pb, Hg,
(Ca, Sr, Br, P)unless + ion is larger
OH-1, CO3-2, S-2, PO4-3 (unless with alkali metals) |
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