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| that part of Erath inhabited by living organisms; includes both living and nonliving components |
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| Single Species living in a given place with the potential to interbreed |
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| All the interacting populations within an ecosystem |
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| Organisms of the same type that are capable of breeding with one another |
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| All the organisms and their nonliving environment within a defined area |
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| An individual living thing |
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| An organism that eats other organisms; a heterotroph |
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| A photosynthetic organism; an autotroph |
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| An organism, normally a fungus or bacterium, that digests organic material by secreting digestive enzymes into the environment, in the process liberating nutrients into the environment |
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| Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors |
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Abiotic- nonliving; the abiotic portion of an ecosystem includes soil, rock, water, and the atmosphere.
Biotic-Living |
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| "Self-feeder" normally, a photosynthetic organism; a producer |
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| Literally, "other-feeder" an organism that eats other organisms; a consumer |
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| Examples of Community Structure |
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| Examples of Community Structure |
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| Two species interact in a way that benefits both |
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| One organism benefits by feeding on another |
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| Relationship in which one species benefits while the other is relatively unaffected |
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| Living together-it includes parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. One species always benefits in these symbiotic relationships, the second species may be unaffected, harmed, or unharmed |
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| Two species with similar requirements coexist, each typically occupies a smaller niche than either would by itself. They reduce competition (intraspecific) by occupying very similar, but not identical, niches. |
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| Intraspecific Competition |
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| Competition among individuals of the same species |
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| Interspecific Competition |
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| Competitive interactions between different species, which may both use similar food or breeding sites or which may compete for light. The more ecological niches of tow species overlap, the greater the amount of competiton between them |
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| An interaction that may occur between individuals or species as they attempt to use the same, limited resources, particularly energy, nutrients, or space |
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Mullerian Predation
(Mimicry) |
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| Animals evolved to look like other animals that taste bad to avoid being eaten by a predator. Refers to a situation in which one species has evovled to resemble another organism |
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Bartesian Predation
(Mimicry) |
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| Selective advantage for harmless animals to resemble poisonous animals |
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Startling Coloration
Predation |
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Definition
Having the advantage to evolve and look bigger and scarier.
Example, bigger eyes and colors |
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Aggressive Mimcry
Predation |
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| Animals entice their prey to come close by resembling something attractive to the prey |
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Plays a significant role because it determines community structure
Removal of the keystone species dramatically alters the community balance
Examples- sea otters, elephants, lobsters, and snakes |
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| A structural change in a community and its nonliving environment over time. It is preceded by a disturbance, and event that disrupts the ecosystem either by altering its community, its abiotic structure, or both |
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| A community gradually colonizes bare rock, sand, or a clear glacial pool where there is no trace of a previous community. The disturbance could be a glacier scouring the landscape down to bare rock, or a volcano covering an ecosystem. It could take thousands or tens of thousands of years to build from scratch |
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| A new community develops after an exisiting ecosystem is disturbed in a way that leaves traces of the previous community behind, such as soil and seeds. This disturbance is limited to beavers, landslides, or people damming streams, causing marshes, ponds, or lake forms. This happens more rapidly |
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| Maximum rate at which population could increase, assuming ideal conditions that allow a maximum birth rate and minimum death rate |
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| Pattern of continuously accelerating increase in population size. This graph is often called the j-curve |
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| The maximum population size that can be sustained by an ecosystem for an extended time without damage to the ecosystem (K). |
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| The ability of greenhouse gases to trap the sun's energy in a planet's atmosphere as heat. Effects global warming because of overwhelming consensus among the atmosphere that human activities have amplified the natural greenhouse effect producing global warming |
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Lakes and ponds too acidic to support fish
Interfers with the growth and yield of farm crops
Snow, rain, and fog have become acidic
Tap water
Fish have been found to contain high levels of mercury |
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| Study of interrelationships of organisms with each other and with their environment |
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| Describe the quantity and quality of energy |
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| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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| Energy can neither be created nor destroyed by ordinary processes. Energy can, however, change form. EX. From chemical energy to the energy of heat or movement |
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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| When energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of useful energy decreases |
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| The complete series of chemical reactions in which the energy of light is used to synthesize high energy organic molecules, normally carbohydrates, from low energy inorganic molecules, normally carbon dioxide and water |
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| Who uses Photosynthesis and why is it important? |
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Definition
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Reactants and Products for Photosynthesis
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Definition
6 Carbon dioxide + 6 waters+ light energy yields Carbons6Hydrogens12oxygens6+ 6 oxygens
converts the energy sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and releases oxygen |
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| Organelle where photosynthesis occurs? |
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Definition
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| Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll and other molecules embedded in the membranes of the thylakoids capture sunlight energy and convert some of it into the chemical energy stored in energy- carrier molecules (ATP and NADPH) Oxygen gas is released as a by-product |
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| Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Enzymes in the stroma use the chemical energy of the carrier molecules to drive the synthesis of glucose or other organic molecules |
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| Who does cellular respiration |
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Definition
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| Series of reactions that occur under aerobic conditions and produce a large quantity of ATP while breaking down the pyruvate generated by glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water. The reactions of cellular respiration require oxygen because oxygen acts as the final acceptor of electrons from the etc. |
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| Cellular Respiration Process |
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Definition
Glycolysis- splitting of the sugar happens in the cytoplasm
One glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate acids. Results into Acetyl CoA for futhur breakdown
Which leads to the Krebs Cycle and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Electrons from Hydrogen are carried by NADH and passed down the electron transport chain to result in the production of ATP |
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| changes with characteristics |
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Why viruses are not considered living |
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Definition
| cannot metabolize...need 1 living cell |
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protist
fungi
plantae
animalia |
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Definition
protist-simplest
fungi-like(oomycetes)(decomposers)
animal-like(heterotrophic)
depends on energy sources where they live reproductive cycles. |
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major characteristics and examples of 4 plant types |
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Definition
- photosynthesis
- multicellular
- sessile
- cells have cell walls
- alteration of generations
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characteristics of social behaviors
altruism and dominance |
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Definition
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what determines how social a species will be? |
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Definition
| predators, division of work |
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different forms of communication |
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Definition
visual
short
distance
active
passive
sounds |
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| general factors that influence behavior |
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Definition
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underlying cause of most animal behavoirs |
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| external stimuli that impact the animal and the animal responds |
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| when isolated populations diverge genetically due to geographic seperation |
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| populations diverge genetically due to ecological seperation |
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| alteration in an organisms DNA. |
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the movement of alleles from one population to another.
occurs when individuals move between populations or when 1 pop of species joins another. |
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| owing to traits that give them a better fit with their environment |
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| factors that prevent organisms of 2 populations from mating |
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| prevents organisms from producing vigorous fertile offspring after mating |
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| significance of mutations to evolution |
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| mutations are indespensible to evolution |
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age of the earth
how many years organisms have been on earth |
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Definition
age: 13.7 billion
organisms: 3.8 billion |
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| somatic cells vs sex cells |
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somatic- see
sex cells- eggs |
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- single diploid cell divides into 2
- takes one cell and makes 4
- 2 cellular divisions
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meiosis 1
happens in prophase
areas of genetic exchange
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metaphase 1
random assortment of chromosomes |
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process where prokaryotes reproduce |
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Definition
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potential gametes for dihybrid cross |
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homo dominance
HeterozygousDominant-> 9:3:3:1 <-recessive |
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mixture of plants
ex:red white= pink |
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alleles have O2
effects multiple genes |
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Definition
effect of large number of genes and environment |
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| who is more likley to be effected by x-linked disease? |
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Definition
males
single chromosome expressed
3 pieces put together |
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Definition
begins in mitosis and meiosis
ends in interphase |
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Definition
changes in bases: Nucleotides
inhereted-sex cells
not-somatic cells |
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Definition
mRNA is complementary to DNA
produced in nucleus
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make proteins in ribosomes |
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| molecular definition of gene |
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segment of DNA
located on particular place on a chromosome |
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in nucleoid
smaller
single celled
may not need oxygen
no organelles |
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Definition
in nucleus
larger
multicellular
need oxegyn
organelles |
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| function of parts of a animal cell |
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Definition
used in protein production
structures for cytoskeleton
lysosomes
smooth/rough ER |
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cell wall
vacuole
chloroplast
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requires ATP
against gradient |
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| roles of concentration gradient and ATP |
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Definition
| movement of materials from high to low untill everything is even |
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| 4 major molecules of life |
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Definition
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids(movement of info)
protein
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| importance of shape for molecule |
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Definition
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| qualities all living things have |
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Definition
reproduce and posses info allowing them to function
composed of 1 or more cells that can use energy |
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