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| Founder of experimental psychology |
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| founder of humanistic movement |
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| founder of humanistic movement |
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| founder of positive psychology movement |
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| founder of psychoanalysis |
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| founder of natural selection, evolution theory |
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| pleasure centers in limbic system (hypothalmaus, amygdala, etc.) |
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| language comprehension area of the brain (left hemisphere) |
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| speech production area of the brain (left hemisphere) |
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| size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of initial stimulus |
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| Signal Detection Theory (ch. 3) |
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| detection of stimuli involves decision and sensory processes, both influenced by a variety of factors |
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| absolute threshold and just noticeable difference (JND) |
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| discovered that the visual cortex contains cells that function as feature detectors |
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| Opponent Process Theory (ch. 3) |
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| color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colors |
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| Gestalt psychology (ch. 3) |
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| the whole can be greater than the sum of its' parts (shapes, optical illusions) |
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| Gate control theory of pain (ch. 3) |
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| incoming pain sensations must pass through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals |
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| analyzed dreams;manifest (plot) and latent (hidden meaning) content |
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| consciousness is a continually changing stream of mental activity |
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| role-playing theory of hypnosis |
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| subjects behave as they think hypnotized people are supposed to |
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| Hilgard's theory of divided consciousness (ch. 5) |
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| people can respond to multiple things at once (driving a car) |
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| founder of behaviorism, Little Albert experiment |
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| conditioned fear, fear generalized to other stimuli similar to white rat |
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| concept of reinforcement, Skinner Box |
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| Law of Effect: if response to stimulus is satisfying, association between stimulus and response strengthened |
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| studies on conditioned taste aversion |
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| investigated observational learning |
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| Herman Ebbinghaus (ch. 7) |
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| forgetting curve, graphs retention and forgetting over time |
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| STM can hold 7 plus or minus 2 items |
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| misinformation effect: recall of event altered by introducing misleading post event information |
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| Interference Theory (ch. 7) |
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| people forget information because of competition from other material |
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| Motivated forgetting and Freud (ch. 7) |
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| keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious |
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| problem space: set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver |
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| Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (ch. 8) |
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| heuristics (availability, representative) |
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| language is a species specific trait that is the product of natural selection |
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| children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, conditioning |
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| linguistic relativity: one's language determines one's thoughts |
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| humans have an inborn propensity to learn language |
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| IQ: mental/chronological age x 100 |
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| measurement of intelligence in adults |
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| triarchic theory of human intelligence (contextual, experimental, componential) |
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| IQ tends to increase throughout population |
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| 6 fundamental emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust |
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| David McClelland (ch. 10) |
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| David McClelland (ch. 10) |
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| Incentive theory of motivation (ch. 10) |
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| external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior |
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| Drive Theories of Motivation (ch. 10) |
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| internal state of tension that motivates a person to engage in activities to reduce tension |
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| Parental Investment Theory (ch. 10) |
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| what each sex has to invest to produce and nurture offspring |
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| Facial feedback theory (ch. 10) |
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| facial expressions help create subjective experience of various emotion |
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| James-Lange Theory (ch. 10) |
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| autonomic activation leads to experience of emotion |
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| Cannon-Bard Theory (ch. 10) |
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| thalamus sends signals simultaneously to cortex and autonomic nervous system |
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| Stanley Schacter's Two-factor theory (ch. 10) |
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1)autonomic arousal
2)cognitive interpretation of that arousal |
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| wire vs. cloth monkey (contact comfort) |
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| infants biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers affectionate response from adults |
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| 8 stage theory of personality development |
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| 4 stage theory of cognitive development |
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| Lawrence Kohberg (ch. 11) |
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| stage theory of moral reasoning |
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| Psychodynamic theories (ch. 12) |
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| diverse theories of Sigmund Freud |
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| BF Skiner's idea of personality |
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| collection of response tendencies tied to various stimulus situations |
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| Alfred Bandura's idea of personality (ch. 12) |
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| behavior characterized by more situational specificity than consistency |
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| emphasizes unique qualities of humans (freedom, potential for personal growth) |
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| theory of self-actualization |
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| personality determined by genes |
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| importance of life changes |
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| general adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) |
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| Defense Mechanisms (ch. 13) |
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| unconscious reactions that protect person from unpleasant emotions |
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| competitive, impatient, hostile |
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| relaxed, patient, easygoing |
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| Phillip Zimbardo (ch. 16) |
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| Stanford Prison Simulation |
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| Cognitive dissonance theory (ch. 16) |
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| exists when related cognitions are inconsistent |
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| people infer their attitudes from their behavior |
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