Term
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Definition
| A group of individuals of 1 species in the same place at one time |
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Term
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Definition
| All the alleles for all the genes of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| proportion of a particular genotype in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of a particular phenotype in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of a specific allele in a population |
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Term
| Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
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Definition
-No genetic equilibrium
-No mutations
-Random mating
-large pop. size
-No gene flow
-No natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
Unpredictable changes in DNA
- source of new alleles
-Increases genetic variability
-acted on by natural selection |
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Term
Non-Random mating
Assorative mating |
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Definition
| Individuals select mates by phenotypes |
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Term
Non-Random mating
Inbreeding |
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Definition
-Mating of genetically similar individuals
-occurs because of extinction, small pop. size and artificial selection(dog breeders) |
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Term
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Definition
Inbred individuals have lower fitness than non-inbred individuals
-Ex. German Shepard |
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Term
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Definition
Random changes in allele frequencies
-Decreases genetic variation in a population (gum ball machine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden decrease in pop. size caused by adverse environmental factors (tornado) |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic Drift that occurs when a small pop. colonizes a new area.
-Individuals leave the parent population
-Different allele freq. |
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Term
Natural Selection
Directional selection |
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Definition
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Term
Natural Selection
Stabilizing |
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Definition
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Term
Natural selection
Disruptive |
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Definition
| favors both extremes. Average goes down |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
A population or populations within which free gene flow occurs under natural conditions.
- a species if defined by its reproductive isolation from another. |
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Term
| limitations of species concept |
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Definition
-fossil record
-asexual species
-hybridization
-similar looking geographically isolated species
Must rely on physical and chemical for classification |
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Term
Inbreeding
Prezygotic barriers |
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Definition
no fertilization
-Temporal isolation
-Habitat Isolation
-Behavioral Isolation
-Mechanical isolation
-Gametic isolation- non comaptiable egg and sperm |
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Term
Inbreeding
Postzygotic barriers |
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Definition
fertilization but problems down the road
-For Closely related species
-Hybrid Inviability
-Hybrid Sterility
-Hybrid breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| Hybrid embryos spontaneously abort because of developmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Problems with meiosis in the child |
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Term
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Definition
F1 generation is fine
F2 generations cant reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
Evolution of a new species
requires reproductive isolation
-no gene flow between old and new |
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Term
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Definition
Geographical isolation and reproductive
Allo= different Patric= parent land |
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Term
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Definition
| No geographical isolation. occurs most often in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow and continuous evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Discontinuous abrupt, long periods of stasis. |
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Term
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Definition
Death of a species
eventual fate of all species
occurs in the background
mass extinction, mass speciation |
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Term
| average time of a species on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| conservation issue of extinction |
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Definition
| rate of extinction is higher than normal background rate |
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Term
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Definition
| vibration,movement, light, odor, Etc |
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Term
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Definition
| change in blood pressure or pH, full stomach, lack of nutrients/ chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| receiving signals be some sensing organ |
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Term
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Definition
| Signal sent by sensory (afferent) neurons to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Signal is sent to CNS and a response is triggered |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor (efferent) neurons transmit response impulses |
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Term
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Definition
A single nerve cell
NOT A NERVE!
A NERVE CELL |
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Term
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Definition
Thin cells that wrap around themselves along the axon.
Myelin in PNS
Loaded with lipids
speeds up the depolarization process |
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Term
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Definition
-70 mV = slight electric charge on inside
positive on outside
Outside: Na +
Inside K -
Sodium potassium pump= ATP= Active transport |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged area with cell body |
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Term
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Definition
-55 mV
-in schwann cells only occurs at nodes of ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot resend for a period of time after depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters travel across the cleft and attach to the opposite neuron causing Na channels to open and then depolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
Brain and spinal (Sensory)
-Brain is organized into regions each responsible for different parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
Everything else (Motor)
Somatic( body Motor)
-external
Autonomic (automatic)
-Internal
-Sympathetic
- stressful situations fight/flight
-parasymphetic
-rest & digest
Has sensory receptors and nerves
cranial and spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| of the spinal cord bypasses higher order of thinking. Ow! that shit is HOT! |
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Term
|
Definition
Nerve nets and radial nervous systems.
Bilateral nervous systems |
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Term
| Nerve nets and Radial nervous systems |
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Definition
| typical of radically symmetrical invertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
2 sides a left and a right
-nerve cells concentrate from nerves, nerve cords, ganglia( cell body of neurons), and brain
-sense organs concentrated in the head b/c it goes into a new place first
-increased number in interneurons= more complex synaptic contacts allowing for info to move in new directions, premits a wide range of responses, constantly gathering info about internal and external, and homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal= Back
Tubular= tube like
Transmits impulses from brain
ascending tracts- Sensory
Descending tracts- motor
filled with CSF
Reflex actions |
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Term
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Definition
myelecephalon
metenecephalon |
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Term
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Definition
Medulla( vital centers)
Cavity of medulla ( 4th ventricle) communicate w/ spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Cerebellum (muscle tone,posture,equilibrium)
Pons (connects various parts of the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
largest in fishes, amphibians
In reptiles birds and mammals it is the center for visual and auditory reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medulla, Pons and midbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differentiates from diencephalon and telecephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| relay center for motor and sensory info |
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Term
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Definition
-Thermostat
-controls autonomic function
-links nervous and endocrine systems
-controls temp, appetite and fluid balance
-some emotional and sexual response |
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Term
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Definition
| develops into cerebellum and olfactory bulbs |
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Term
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Definition
divided into L & R
-fish & anphibians -sensory info
-birds corpus striatum flying and singing
-mammals neocortex is large part, complex association functions, |
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Term
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Definition
no myelin
by cytoplasm of neurons ( found in cell bodies)
spinal = inside
Brain= outside |
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Term
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Definition
Skull cranium,
Dura mater
arachnoid
Pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
myelin
CNS= oligodendrocytes
PNS= Schwann |
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Term
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Definition
Brain cushion
Produced by Apanimal cells in Glial
A= circulation of CSF |
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Term
|
Definition
Grey matter
forms folds= surface area and
Fissures-deep furrows between folds
Lobes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Control voluntary movement |
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Term
Cerebrum
Association areas |
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Definition
link sensory and motor
language, thought, judgement |
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Term
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Definition
Hippocampus and amygdala
motivation
sexual activity
autonomic responses
bio rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
Categorize info
Memories
memory of spaces- migration of birds |
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Term
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Definition
Evaluates incoming info
signals danger
smell& memory |
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Term
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Definition
enables change in behavior
nervous system changes in response to experience
learning to walk Etc. |
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Term
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Definition
ability of nervous system to modify synapses
allows learning and remembering
major form of neural plasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| process of acquiring knowledge or skills asa= a result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which info is encoded, stored and retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
Unconscious( how to ) memory
perpetual and motor skills
motor form of neural plasticity |
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Term
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Definition
Recalls info for a few mins
pre frontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
info can be transfered from short to long term
hippocampus active for LTM |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs are both innervated by para and sympathetic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| recieves both sym and para neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron endings or specialized receptor cells in close contact with neurons ( sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptors and accessory cells ( cells that help the cells to work) |
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Term
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Definition
-absorb energy- stimulus
-transduce energy into electrical energy
-produce receptor potentials (depolarize)
- |
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Term
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Definition
-gets used to stimuli
-sensory receptors send coded signals to CNS through sensory neurons
-decrease in freq. of action potentials
-decrease in response to stim. when mantained |
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Term
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Definition
brain interprets sensations by converting them to perceptions of stimuli
-optical illusions |
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Term
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Definition
processes of selecting, interpreting, and organizing sensory info
- based of life experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| being stimulated by external envorinment |
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Term
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Definition
changes within body
homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
respond to heat and cold
in some parasites
in some animals- used to locate endothermic prey |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sense differences in electrical ----potential
some electromagnetic receptors can detect Earths magnetic field
predatory fish (shark) |
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Term
| Electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
Detect earths magnetic field
some animals orient by magnetic fields
migration |
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Term
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Definition
transduce mechanical energy
allow animals to feel, ear and mantain balance
push pull shape change
touch, gravity, stretching, movement |
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Term
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Definition
touch receptors in skin
displacement of hairs |
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Term
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Definition
responds to touch pressure
receptor potential |
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Term
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Definition
allow animal to precis body orientation and position of parts
tension and movement
motor end plates are not prop. |
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Term
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Definition
organ, gravity receptors
the chamber is lined with cilinated mechanoreceptors containing statoliths (granual) |
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Term
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Definition
lateral line of fishes
vestibular app.
semicircular canals
cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
mantain balance and give info about body movement
in upper part of labyrinth
cnatains saccule, uticle, and semicircular canals |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing, heair cells that allow us to hear |
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Term
| Basic structure of hair cell |
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Definition
Kinocilium (a true cilium)
sterocilia (microvilli cantanin actin filaments) |
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Term
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Definition
supplment vision in fishes
inform animal of moving objects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
labyrinth of fluid filled chambers and canals
helps maintain balance
moves to cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
Ear lobe
-funneling
-into external ear canal
encounters tupanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
like statoliths
in saccule and utricle
change position when head is tilted or when body is moving
Stimulate hair cells that signal to brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
turning movements
cristae( hair cells) lovated in ampulla |
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Term
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Definition
Semicircular canals
bulb like enlargement |
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Term
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Definition
External auditory canal
tympanic membrane
Ear bones (Ossicles)
Oval window
3 ducts of cochlea
round window
basilar membrane
organ of corti againts tectorial membrane
nerual impulses
cochlear nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| spiral thing with different pitch |
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Term
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Definition
taste receptors( taste bubs epithelium)
olfactory epithelium Roof of nasal cavity
axons extend to the brain olfactory nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
initiated when a molecule binds with a receptor on a
taste bud/ olfactory cell
-non sensory epithelium = mucus |
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Term
|
Definition
Receptors in nasal epithelium of mammals
detects pheromones |
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Term
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Definition
small volatile signaling molecules released by animals
dogs sensing cancer Etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
Transduce light energy
sensory receptors in eyespots and eyes |
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Term
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Definition
Ocelli
detect light but do not form images |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
visual units produce mosaic images
transparent lens
focus light onto receptor cells (retinular cells)
Insects and crustaceans |
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Term
|
Definition
Enters through cornea
focused by lens
produces image on retina
iris regulates light |
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Term
|
Definition
Rods
COnes
Bipolar cells
lateral interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Bright light
color
concentrated in fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| send signals to ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
Recieve signals from rods and cones
lateral interneuron |
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Term
|
Definition
receive signals from bipolar cells
send signals back to bipolar and ganglion cells |
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Term
|
Definition
closed circulations
muscular
ventral heart |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps blood in a system of closed vesels |
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Term
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Definition
nutrients & wastes respiratory gases and hormones
Aids in thermoregulation
provides internal defense
maintains fluid balance |
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Term
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Definition
| Human (70 kg, 154.3 lbs) 5.6L |
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Term
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Definition
55% plasma fluid component
45% cells and platlets
-erythrocytes (RBC)
-Lukocytes (WBC)
-Platlets- cell fragments |
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Term
|
Definition
mostly water W/ dissolved protiens, alts, gases, nutrients,wastes and hormones
composition varies |
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Term
|
Definition
Alpha Globulins, Beta globulins
Gamma Globulins and Albumin |
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Term
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Definition
Some hormones and protiens that transport hormones
high density lipoprotiens
transport triglycerides and cholesterol
prothrombin |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein for blood clooting |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotiens that transport vitamins and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintain blood osmotic balance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
transport o2
most abundant blood cell
flexible, bioconcave discs with hemoglobin
Red bone marrow
old ones removed by spleen and liver |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of hemoglobin, or the # of red blood cells or both |
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Term
|
Definition
lukocytes
immunity
classified by presence/ absence of cytoplasmic granules |
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Term
|
Definition
neutrophils
esinophills
basophils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| function during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
adi in blood clotting
in mammals there are cell frag that lack nuclei
form a temporary clot |
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Term
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Definition
| in most vertebrates have nucli |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent clot of thrombin and fibrin fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic mutation where the person lack one of the clotting factors which may lead to uncontrolled bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
arteries, capillaries, and veins
capillaries- venules- vains |
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Term
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Definition
Carry blood away from the heart and typically carry oxyginated blood.
branches to form smaller arioles |
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Term
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Definition
| untimely form mictoscopic capillaries |
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Term
| Blood vessel canstruction |
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Definition
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia |
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Term
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Definition
| inner layer consisting of endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers |
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Term
| blood flow and regulation |
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Definition
| think walls of arteries and veins prevent passage of materials |
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Term
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Definition
| thin and allow passage relativly easy |
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Term
| vertebrate heart and ciculation adaptations |
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Definition
vertebrate heart has 1 or 2 atria
single or divided ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
heart-gills-capillaries
supplies the tissues of the body
low pressure allows a low metabolic rate in fishes |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 atrium- 1 ventricle- conus arteriosus (to systemic flow) |
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Term
|
Definition
-atria are separate and ventricle is undivided
-mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated --- -blood is reduced due to a fold in the conus arteriosus
-timing of atrial contraction is asynchronus
-puliminary circut flows to lungs and skin |
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Term
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Definition
| partially divided ventricle further prevents mixing |
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Term
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Definition
hollow muscle organ is the size of a fist
under the sternum- off set to the left
surrounded by pericardium
beats 2 mill times in a lifetime
5-20 L of blood per M
300 Mill L pumped in a lifetime |
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Term
|
Definition
stop backflow of blood
Atrioventricular (AV) valve
Similunar valve |
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Term
|
Definition
Right: tricuspid valve
left: bicuspid
AV valves are closed during venticular contraction
AV valves prevented from everting by the chordae tendine |
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Term
|
Definition
| found between the ventricles and and the large vessels of the heart |
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|
Term
semilunar valves
Puliminary semilunar valves |
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Definition
| is between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle |
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|
Term
semilunar valves
Aortic Valve |
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Definition
| between the aorta and the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of aorta supplies blood to the wall of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
branch into coronary capillaries- nutrient exchange occurs
blockage leads to myocardial infarction |
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Term
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Definition
| from the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium |
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Term
|
Definition
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node |
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Term
|
Definition
SA is the pacemaker
located in the wall of the right atrium |
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Term
|
Definition
located in lower right atrium
acts as delay and relay node
after a slight delay, transmission continues into the purkinje fibers( make up the AV bundle) |
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Term
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Definition
| sends branches upwards over both ventricles, resulting in ventricular centraction |
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Term
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Definition
| recording of currents from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by the firing of the SA node and depolarization of the artia |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects the firing of the AV node ad depolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| repolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| starts ventricular systole then ventricular distole |
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Term
| the dub happens in the... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
valves do not close properly
any condition that causes incomplete closure of the heart valves |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
varies w/ bodys need
amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle in 1 beat |
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Term
|
Definition
| stroke vol x number ventrical cantractions per min |
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Term
|
Definition
cardiac centers in medulla communicate w/ heart via autonimic fibers
-hormones from adrenal glands speed heart rate |
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Term
|
Definition
highest in arteries
-due to ventricle sistole and their smaller diameters as comnpared w/ veins
pressure is lower in veins
most veins have valves to prevent backflow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle in 1 beat |
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Term
|
Definition
| stroke vol x number ventrical cantractions per min |
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Term
|
Definition
cardiac centers in medulla communicate w/ heart via autonimic fibers
-hormones from adrenal glands speed heart rate |
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Term
|
Definition
highest in arteries
-due to ventricle sistole and their smaller diameters as comnpared w/ veins
pressure is lower in veins
most veins have valves to prevent backflow. |
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Term
| 1st lines of defense are... |
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Definition
outer coverings (skin)
oil and sweat glands
mucous linings
lysozome (tears and saliva)
Acids( in stomach and vagina) |
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Term
|
Definition
cellular defense
inflammation
soluble molecules |
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Term
| non- specific cellular defense |
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Definition
| non specific to a pathogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| phagocytosis eating cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| phagocyte lukocyte (defensin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| phagocyte from monocytes lukocyte |
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Term
|
Definition
a kind of lymphocyte that aids in defense
these also are in specific immune responses.
attack tumor cells, virus-infected cells, bacterial cells and fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
Signaling molecules a cellular text message
alert the immune system to an infection |
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Term
|
Definition
interfere
protiens released by cells under attack |
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Term
|
Definition
kill tumors
stimulates inflammation
protiens released by macrophages and certain lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
pass between lukocytes
regulate interactions between lymphocytes and other body cells
stimulates inflammation
can initiate fever |
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Term
|
Definition
released by macrophages and others
signal natural killer cells
inhibit viral reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
plasma protiens
1. lyse bacterial walls
2. coat pathogens- sticky
3. attract WBC to infection site
4.enhance inflmation |
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Term
| Specific immune responses |
|
Definition
antibody and cell-mediated immunity
target and destroy antigens
based on immunological memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Lymphocytes
antigen- presenting cells |
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Term
|
Definition
b and t cells
develop from stem cells in bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
mature in thalamus
attack infected cells
3 types |
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Term
|
Definition
mature in bone marrow
produce antibodies
lymphocytes responsible for antibidy mediated immunity
some become memory b cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells |
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Term
|
Definition
kills cells
50,000 different receptors bind to specific antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| communication help b cells and t cells release cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| remain in the body after infection so if antigen is encountered again it is recognized |
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Term
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Definition
any molecule that can be recognized as foreign by the immune system
includes large molecules (DNA Protiens)
pathogens have many cell surface markers |
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Term
| How does the immune system recognize itself |
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Definition
MHC protiens
cell surface markers
everybody is unique
these markers can bind w/ foreign antigens to alert the system |
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Term
| Antibody mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 phases:
aerobic cellular respiration
organismic respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Glycolysis- in cytoplasm
aerobic- dependent on mitochondria (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
o2 taken from environment and delivered to cells
tied to cellular respiration
delivers o2 to mitochondria as on electron sink
allows co2 to be released |
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Term
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Definition
body surface
tracheal tubes- invertebrates
gills- aquatic
lungs |
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Term
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Definition
2 life regimes: air and water.
gas exchange- across moist surface |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion -delivers gas to and from tissues |
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Term
| small aquatic organisms rely on what for breathing? |
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Definition
Simple diffusion
-nemotodes, hydra, sponges, flatworms
-their cells are in contact w/ their environment (moist surface) |
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Term
| is simple diffusion fast enough if the organism is >1mm thick? |
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Definition
NO, wont receive sufficient o2.
-gills or lungs required
-circ. system also required |
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Term
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Definition
| gills, lungs & tracheal tubes = thin membrane |
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Term
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Definition
located inside where they are kept wet
specialized mechanisms to keep moisture in
prevents lungs from drying out |
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Term
| advantages to gas exchange in the air |
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Definition
o2 is much higher concentration
o2 diffuses rapidly in air; slowly in water
less energy to move air than water |
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Term
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Definition
seen in many simple animals
moist skin
gills and lungs present |
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Term
| body surface gas exchange |
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Definition
glands secrete mucus- moist body protection of skin
o2 diffuses into mucus, across body wall and into capillary beds below skin
o2 diffuses outward from capillaries into mucus- into atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
anthropods
- slow open circ.
networks of passageways in the abdomen
-open to atmosphere through spiracles
-abdomen expands and pulls air in
-contraction forces air out
-tracholes are small fluid filled site of gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
thin structures that extend from body into surrounding water
-very large surface area
-capillary network facilitates gas exchange |
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Term
| gill structure in bony fish |
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Definition
water- through mouth- past gills-out of the operculum
counter current flow |
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Term
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Definition
| hard structure on top of the gills |
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Term
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Definition
| water and flow of blood move in opposite directions |
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Term
countercurrent exchange
lungs |
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Definition
book lungs of arachnids
-spiders and horseshoe crabs
-filled with hemolymph |
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Term
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Definition
| they gulp air into lungs steadily take over the role of breathing as animal ages |
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Term
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Definition
may or may not have lungs
lungless salamanders use pharyx (throat) breathing
mud puppies, frogs and toads have lungs |
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Term
| amphibian and reptilian lungs |
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Definition
very inefficient
amphibians have simple sacs
reptilian lings= more surface area |
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Term
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Definition
Highly efficient
cross current flow
fresh air taken in during inhalation and exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
very large surface area
air passes from nostrils to nasal cavities
-moisoned
-warmed to body temp
-filtered
•stream of mucus is pushed down into throat by ciliary movement.
• foreigen material destroyed in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| = inspiration = inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
contracting of diaphragm pulls floor of thoracic cavity
increased canity vol. and moves air into lungs |
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Term
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Definition
external intercostal muscles contract
moves ribs upward and expands throat
air moves until equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
expiration= exhalation
diaphragm relaxes
- vol of thoractic cavity decreases
-pushes air out |
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Term
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Definition
during exercise
internal intercostal and abdominal wall muscles contract, pushing ribs down |
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Term
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Definition
cleaning solutuions
would collapse small alveoli
alveolar epithelial cells secrete a surfactant
-phospholopid mix like a detergent
-decrease waters cohesiveness
-decrease surface tension
-prevents avolier collapse and reduces breathing effort |
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Term
| gas exchange in mammalian |
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Definition
in lung via alveoli
circ. system carries gas 2 and from alveoli to bloo
o2 diffuses down concentration gradient from alveoli to blood
CO2 from blood to alveoli |
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Term
| gas exchange at tissue level |
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Definition
O2 high in blood; low in cells
O2 from capillaried to tissues
blood moves quickly through tissues so o2 wont be depleted
CO2 high in cells; low in blood
CO2 diffuses down concentration gradient into capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
gases held in blood and in tissues by RP
-allows blood to carry more gas than in a simple solution
hemocyanin and hemoglobin are most common in animals |
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Term
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Definition
cyann= blue
copper based (hemolymph in invertebrates)
Molluscs, anthropods
blue when oxygenated |
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Term
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Definition
only pigment in vertebrate blood
held inside RBC
iron based
red when oxygenated
increased efficincy of o2 transport |
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Term
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Definition
| in muscle fibers, much like hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
7-10% blood CO2 is dissolved in plasma
70% is transported as bicarbonate ion HCO-3
-blood buffer = mantains pH levels=homeostasis
20% blood CO2 is carried by hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
14 breaths per min
regulated by area in medulla
-controls diaphriam and intercostals
chemoreceptors sense blood CO2 |
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Term
| carotid and aortic chemoreceptors... |
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Definition
sense blood CO2, O2 and H
O2 is not as important |
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Term
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Definition
prevent unwanted entry
-nostril hair, mucocillary activity in nasal airway and trachea |
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Term
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Definition
tubes narrow
less air passes; decrease in o2
increased resistance |
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Term
| Chronic Bronchial Restriction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
smallest bronchoils and aveoli lack cilia
particles there are engulfed by macrophage
macrophages accumulate in lymph
Smokers and coal miners |
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Term
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Definition
excess secreting of mucus
coughing occurs
-inflamed bronchi constrict |
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Term
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Definition
alveoli loose elasticity- walls destroyed
surface area reduced
impairs gas exchange (RV expands) |
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Term
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Definition
reduced airflow
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
aggravated by asthma |
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Term
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Definition
chronic inflammatory disease
triggered by many things |
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Term
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Definition
cancer is caused by tar
altered cellular metabolism
tumors release cells that metastasize(spread) |
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Term
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Definition
| waves of muscular activity by which food moves |
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Term
| some vertebrate accessory glands |
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Definition
| salivary glands, liver, pancreas |
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Term
| Digestive systems usually have how many openings? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
primary consumers(plants)
symbiotic bacteria that digest cellulose
strong facial muscles |
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Term
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Definition
eat herbivores and other animals
paralize crush tear prey
simple digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inner layer of epithelium and connective tissue
many folds and villi |
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Term
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Definition
connective tissue
clood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
smooth muscle outside submucosa
2-3 layers |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
adventitia in abdominal cavity
connect with parietal peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
internal folds of the stomach
when stomach fills they go away |
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Term
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Definition
columnar epithelial cells
secrete alkaline mucous that protects cells
epithelia is tight preventing gastric juice from going into wall |
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Term
| gastric glands contain... |
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Definition
| parietal cells that secrete HCL |
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Term
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Definition
gastric glands
produce precursor enzyme pepsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| begins breakdown of protiens |
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Term
| pepsinogen is converted to... |
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Definition
| the active form pepsin when in contact with HCL |
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Term
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Definition
| partly digested food moves from stomach into small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| where chyme moves into small intestine |
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Term
| 3 major regions of the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymatic digestion takes place in |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bile from liver and enzymes from pancreas empty into |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| finger like projections of the mall intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically digest and aids in emulsification of fats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| liver aids in homeostasis by |
|
Definition
| removing or adding nutrients to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
converts glucose to glycogen stored in the liver
and
converts amino acids to fatty acids and urea |
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Term
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Definition
| iron and fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
trypsin and chymotrypsin
proteases= protien enzyme |
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Term
| pancreatic lipase digests |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| digest various carbohydrates (except cellulose) to disaccharides |
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Term
| pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease |
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Definition
| splits DNA and RNA into free nucleotides |
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Term
|
Definition
sodium bicarbonate
neutralizes acidic chyme |
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Term
| digestion is regulated by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| digestive enzymes are produced when... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| is neutral but nerves and hormones control most of digestion |
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Term
| hormones produced by endrocrine cells of the digestive tract |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Stretch receptors send messages to the |
|
Definition
| medulla tells stomach to release gastrin |
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