Term
| How do poultry thermoregulate |
|
Definition
endothermic regulator
use metabolism & behaviour to maintain constant body temperature |
|
|
Term
| Important aspects of avian thermoregulation (5) |
|
Definition
-high metabolic rate (high O2 consumption per BW)
-double circulation (heart lungs heart tissues)
-shiver to prod heat
-pant/evaporate water to dissipate heat
-plumage changes insulation thickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What components are incorporated into enriched housing? |
|
Definition
dustbathing substrate
scratching pad
larger
nest boxes
perches |
|
|
Term
| What is the drawback to multi-tier poultry barns? |
|
Definition
| need safety harnesses to work in them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tunnel Ventilation: air goes through the side wall and down the building. Evaporative cooling: air goes through water and is cooled before entry into the facility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solar walls or chimneys, chimney heats up and draws out more air, walls warm up the air before it enters the building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Draw air through the barn to help get the air moving through the barn (tunnel ventilation). This takes a lot of electricity and is costly when dealing with swine/poultry because of their narrow TNZ |
|
|
Term
| Why would swine move to a warmer location before giving birth |
|
Definition
-oxytocin release causes internal body temp to drop prior to birth
-pain, want to feel warm |
|
|
Term
| What are the cons to farrowing crates? |
|
Definition
-can't build nest
-can't interact with piglets
-feet/leg lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the concerns with stalling dry sows? |
|
Definition
restricted movement
cant socialize |
|
|
Term
| How are growing pigs typically housed? |
|
Definition
| group housing, slatted floors, large feeders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
manure will get mixed in to feed
dry pellets will alter rate of gastric emptying of piglets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elliptical design allows sows to express 5 freedoms
wasnt popular because people didnt care
cheap, easily folded up. con: slight increase in piglet mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can keep their back to them, comfort for ones lower on the pecking order who want to know whats going on around them |
|
|
Term
| Important consideration when loading/unloading pigs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be if managed properly
good for drawing heat away from animal
not super absorbent, needs to be well maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0 emissions facility
-CO2 & emissions from facility exit back into the ground
-earth tubes bring air in, through ground (stays cool)
-barn built in-ground helps to keep it cool
-can collect rainwater
-grasses help to detox organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good, clean facility with lots of light and air flow, no walls or shadows
-no need to have walls so high, pigs can't jump
-lower walls = less steel - lower cost & less surface area to clean1 |
|
|
Term
| What do sheep prefer, flat or upwards incline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to make sure sheep can't see other sheep stopping on their way through a facility? |
|
Definition
| they have long-term memory and will remember the other sheep stopped there too |
|
|
Term
| Important considerations when moving sheep around |
|
Definition
-prefer walking down corridors than wide open space
-don't like walking towards perceived dead-end
-have long term memory |
|
|
Term
| 5 Important factors to control with ventilation |
|
Definition
temperature
humidity
drafts
fresh air
contaminants (dust, bacteria, gas) |
|
|
Term
| Why is the environment important in regards to animal housing? |
|
Definition
| needs to support their mental & physiological wellbeing |
|
|
Term
| How does poor environment increase disease? |
|
Definition
| disrupts homeostasis, body must expend energy to maintain homeostasis. stresses endocrine, nervous & immune systems = more susceptible |
|
|
Term
| What levels of regulation are there for research animals? What is each responsible for |
|
Definition
Local
-fire alarms, physical plant services, managers
Provincial
-Animals for Research Act
Federal
-Guide for Care and Use of Animals, national codes of practice |
|
|
Term
| What is the macroenvironment? miroenvironment? |
|
Definition
macro - room in which animals are housed
microenvironment - area in which animals have prolonged direct contact |
|
|
Term
| Why is temperature when rabbits are giving birth important? |
|
Definition
if born in high temps, pups will be more sensitive to cold
rabbit optimum temp is lower than most other livestock |
|
|
Term
| What effects does high temperature have on animals? |
|
Definition
| death, sterility (testicular atrophy), loss of milk production, heat stroke |
|
|
Term
| What effects does high temperature have on animals? |
|
Definition
| reduced growth rate, smaller litter size, neonatal death |
|
|
Term
| What effect does citrus fragrance have on test rabbits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important things to consider when building a horse barn (12) |
|
Definition
-budget
-site planning
-arena/training facilities
-breeding/foaling facilties
-pastures/paddocks/shelters
-environmental control
-fencing
-bulk feed/bedding storage
-utilities
-fire protection
-emergency response planning
-manure management |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of housing for horses? (5) |
|
Definition
-minimize/eliminate injuries
-develop social skills in juveniles
-opportunity to exercise & forage
-minimize stereotypic behaviour
-opportunities for solitude |
|
|
Term
| Best part about having a goat for a horse toy |
|
Definition
| it's dynamic - changes! a lickit for example does not |
|
|
Term
| Stages of beef production |
|
Definition
cow-calf
backgrounding/stocker
feedlot |
|
|
Term
| 4 important considerations when building a facility |
|
Definition
| movement of people, manure, feed, animals |
|
|
Term
| Should shade be permanent or temporary? |
|
Definition
| if temporary (moveable) then you can let old areas rest & dry out |
|
|
Term
| Important focus in beef production? |
|
Definition
| handling equipment - can be a big expense, important focus too for treating disease, routine care etc |
|
|
Term
| How can you enrich the life of a dairy cow? |
|
Definition
social stimulation
human contact
scratching posts/groomers
sensory/auditory stimulation (mirrors etc)
food puzzles |
|
|
Term
| How to get quality milk from a dairy ocow? |
|
Definition
| quality milk = DMI + rest + water intake |
|
|
Term
| how much rest does a dairy cow need per day? |
|
Definition
14 hours
rest is super important for good milk production!! |
|
|
Term
| Important space considerations for designing lying areas for cows |
|
Definition
head space
body space
lunge space |
|
|
Term
| What type of activities do cows perform in stalls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are calf brushes important? |
|
Definition
| because tactile stimulation from mother has been removed |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'Day 10 wall' |
|
Definition
| once acquired immunity is finished, body temperature increases, feed intake decreases, need to change feeding management |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Birth Month on First Lactation Performance |
|
Definition
| cows born Sept-Dec produce more milk |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2020 Sustainable Dairy Chain? |
|
Definition
| aim to improve energy efficiency and production incl. climate-neutral growth, improving lifespan, reduce antibiotic use and keep 75% grazing |
|
|
Term
| Fastest growing food sector on the planet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the majority of fish farming sea or freshwater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fish do we primarily cultivate in Canadian aquaculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 3 Canadian provinces/regions are known for their aquaculture and what species do they each cultivate? |
|
Definition
BC - salmon, oysters
Ontario - rainbow trout
East coast - mussels, oysters, atlantic salmon |
|
|
Term
| What two kinds of trout production are used in Ontario? Which one makes up the majority of trout production? Where are each generally located? |
|
Definition
Cage farming - northern ON
Fish out ponds/hatcheries - southern ON |
|
|
Term
| Why is trout produced in northern ontario |
|
Definition
| water is colder up there, holds more oxygen which salmonids prefer |
|
|
Term
| General ON trout production cycle |
|
Definition
1. Eggs fertilized Sept-Dec
2. 10-50g fingerlings in cages early may or end of summer
3. Harvested at 1000-1300g, marketed year-round (10-15 mo post-stocking) |
|
|
Term
| Is a harsh winter good or bad for trout production? |
|
Definition
bad
delays harvest, increases mortalities |
|
|
Term
| Are there codes of practice for rabbit housing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is rabbit farm size measured? |
|
Definition
| based on # of breeding does |
|
|
Term
| name 2 breeds of meat rabbits |
|
Definition
New Zealand White
Californian |
|
|
Term
| How do rabbits thermoregulate? |
|
Definition
ears are important
highly vascular, can vasodilate/contract, and will move ears farther away or closer to body to regulate heat loss |
|
|
Term
| #1 & #2 things to consider in rabbit housing |
|
Definition
Ventilation - rabbits produce a lot of ammonia
Waste management |
|
|
Term
| How do traditional vs european cages compare? |
|
Definition
| traditional nest box is inside pen, europeean it is outside pen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rabbit housing, wire mesh is smaller at the bottom. small rabbits sometimes get their head stuck if gap is too big |
|
|
Term
True or False
Mother rabbits only visit their babies 2x a day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does fryer pen stocking density change over the year? |
|
Definition
| more dense in colder months to keep area warmer |
|
|
Term
| How are rabbit cages often enriched? |
|
Definition
| tie branches which hang down in to cage for nibbling/chewing |
|
|
Term
| What is the main focus in rabbit housing? |
|
Definition
breeding stock pens
they house these really well bc they want high reproductive success
replacement barns are often really gross |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chicken crates, cardboard boxes |
|
|
Term
| What are the demographics of poultry production? |
|
Definition
egg production
-layer breederss
-pullets
-layers
-enhanced/alternative cages
Broiler Production
-broiler breeders
-floor/cage broilers
Turkeys
Ducks |
|
|
Term
| How does metabolism of poultry compare to other animals? |
|
Definition
high resp rate, high heart rate, high body temp
cant sweat |
|
|
Term
| How do poultry dissipate heat? |
|
Definition
evaporate water (respiration) panting
un-fluff plumage |
|
|
Term
| The key to thermoregulation is... |
|
Definition
| balancing thermogenesis and thermolysis |
|
|
Term
| Recent changes in poultry housing |
|
Definition
mcdonalds wants cage-free birds
california thinks birds should not be confined |
|
|
Term
| Why is ventilation such a big deal with poultry? |
|
Definition
very narrow TNZ
close to ground, will breath in gases even more |
|
|
Term
| Why is allowing birds outside not good |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all photos of outdoor birds should show... |
|
Definition
| netting over birds to protect from predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can direct air lines to manure to dry it faster so ammonia release is reduced, and at birds to cool them down if needed |
|
|
Term
| What is a clickframe poultry house? |
|
Definition
| sloped downwards towards center (shallow v) eggs roll to there for collection on a belt |
|
|
Term
| Why might broiler hen size vary even if diet, time on feed etc. are the same? |
|
Definition
| ventilation changes impact big time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lights are in the actual cage, more uniform lighting for everybody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduced litter design
each tube delivers air, drying manure so less NH3 emissions. but not necessarily good footing for the birds |
|
|
Term
| What is a multi purpose perch? |
|
Definition
| water/enriched air/fiber optic lighting/heat supply inside |
|
|
Term
| What do sows do post-farrowing? |
|
Definition
| seek out cooler area bc metabolic activity is very high, they feel hot |
|
|
Term
| How does piglet temperature preference change throughout the day? |
|
Definition
| prefer cooler in morning, warmer in afternoon, sinusoidal pattern |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary strategy for evaporative heat loss in swine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mist from below
drip cooling not as effective bc thick back fat |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of using farrowing crates? |
|
Definition
minimize pre-weaning mortality
minimize exposure to disease |
|
|
Term
| alternative to farrowing crates |
|
Definition
| pen, with a place where piglets can escape sow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap too small for piglets to nurse comfortably |
|
|
Term
| Where do piglets prefer to be? |
|
Definition
| near the sow, not in the creep area even if it's designed to be 'attractive' to them |
|
|
Term
| What areas must be considered when designing pig facility for functional use of space? |
|
Definition
sleeping
eating
drinking
dunging
traffic areas |
|
|
Term
| How can the dunging area be manipulated? |
|
Definition
step/partitioning to delineate area
install sprinklers overtop
direct ventilation in (but less comfortable) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for sheep and goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 ways of transfering heat |
|
Definition
conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation |
|
|
Term
| The five main environmental factors that are controlled by ventilation |
|
Definition
fresh air
freedom from drafts
comfortable temperature
humidity level
contaminants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have feed/water/mineral lick
crappy fencing but sheep aren't going anywhere bc they're comfortable
should have shade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor ventilation can tell bc mould on ceiling due to moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lots of cross ventilation, bright, doors to open for moving sheep and equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yes, animals chew it & harbors bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Daily time budget of a horse |
|
Definition
Feeding
Standing
Walking around
Lying down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light right in middle - bright spots and shadows
grain in back = more private for eating area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no insulation
board blocks light from getting to stalls
rafters allow for perching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hallway is well lit but stalls are not
wood - dust bacteria
rafters - birds perch and poop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double layer of natural light, good
open stall tops = good air flow
con - can make barn quite warm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulation exposed
no need to have such a high wall
wood - fire hazard, cant be sterilized
poor lighting, tiny window |
|
|
Term
| first thought when you see a steel roof with no insulation? |
|
Definition
| rain in winter, super hot in winter! |
|
|
Term
| Things to consider with beef facilities |
|
Definition
-reno existing barns instead of building new
-animal waste/handling/distribution
-feeding system, equipment
-temp vs perm shade
-flooring
-lighting
-freedom of movement |
|
|
Term
| important beef handling equipment |
|
Definition
headgate
holding chute
squeeze chute
working chute
gates & panels
loading chute
SCALE!!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high walls are good bc can't see staff working so won't panic as much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tarp for shade isn't shading the calf |
|
|
Term
| creep feeders - best on sides or in center? |
|
Definition
sides
reduces wind shadowing in middle of facility and you can monitor intake |
|
|
Term
| when looking at photos of barns with overhangs over feed areas... |
|
Definition
| make sure it extends far enough to protect feed from rain |
|
|
Term
| all dirt turnout for beef cattle? |
|
Definition
bad bad bad
just a mess of poop and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| should you rely on natural shade? |
|
Definition
| no, animals will make a mess of the area beneath it. moveable shade is better |
|
|
Term
| if on large pasture, bushes, trees and streams for beef herds should be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stages of pasture rotation - good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more efficient to build
no windshadowing inside bc no corners
more aerodynamic, winds less likely to rip roof off |
|
|
Term
| KISS formula for making milk |
|
Definition
quality milk = DMI + water intake + rest
-make your feed don't buy it! |
|
|
Term
| checkerboarding indicates... |
|
Definition
| cows don't have enough room to lie down in 2 rows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rubber only helpful for hindlegs
fronts can still get damaged on concrete
solution: add a toe kick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rubber only goes down center, cheap and lazy |
|
|
Term
| sand texture considerations |
|
Definition
| needs to be fine, if too coarse it will create foot problems, hock sores, damage to equipment (abrasive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stalls are right against wall, not enough lunge space for getting up/lying down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| really restrictive, not set up with the cows in mind at all. lunge space, have to stay crouched down, can't lie down comfortably |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neck bar forces cows to back up before getting up/down, makes sure she'll poop in the aisle where it's easier to clean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes pressure off of the rumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cow has to back up to get up properly
trough not easily cleaned, collecting dust and bird poop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strap directs cows where to lie down, will break if needs to. safe, unobstructive |
|
|
Term
| things to look for in cow pictures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| con of composted bedding back |
|
Definition
| needs to be managed twice daily |
|
|
Term
| cons of wide body dairy barns? |
|
Definition
| huge amount of energy req to draw air across for ventilation, and center aisles are likely poorly ventilated |
|
|
Term
| Ambition of Sustainable Dairy Chain 2020 (5) |
|
Definition
1. improve energy efficiency & production (climate-neutral growth)
2. reduce greenhouse gases
3. improve longevity of animals, reduce antibiotics
4. maintain 75% grazing farms
5. biodiversity - sustainable soya, palm kernels etc |
|
|
