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Arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin
Example: you can safely dismiss that alternative energy plan. It's the brainchild of a liberal think tank in Washington |
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| Arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole Example: the Atams that make up the human body are invisible. Therefore, the human body is invisible |
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Arguing that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts
Example: this machine is heavy. Therefore all the parts of this machine are heavy |
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| The fallacy of appeal to the person or ad Hominem |
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Rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself.
Example: Jones has argued for a ban on gov't sanctioned prayer in schools And at school sponsored events. But he's a rabid atheists without morals of any kind |
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The use of a word in two different senses in an argument
For example: Only man is rational
No woman is a man
Therefore, no woman is rational |
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| Fallacy of the appeal to popularity |
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Arguing that the claim must be true merely because of a substantial number of people believe it.
Example: of course the war is justified. Everyone believes that it's justified. |
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Arguing that a claim must be true just because it's part of a tradition.
Example: acupuncture has been used for 1000 years in China. It must work |
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Arguing that a lack of evidence proves something. It must be true because it hasn't been proven false.
Example: no one has shown that ghosts aren't real, so they must be real |
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| The use of the motions as premises in an argument. It consists of trying to persuade someone of a conclusion solely by our rousing his or her feelings rather than presenting relevant reasons |
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| The deliberate raising of an irrelevant issue during an argument |
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| The distorting weakening or oversimplifying of a person's position so what can be more easily attacked or refuted |
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