-Steps commonly used by scientist in gathering information to test hypothesis and solve problems.

1. Identify the problem

2. Research/observation

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Data

6. Conclusion

-The variable that is deliberately changed; Manipulated variable.

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-The variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable.

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-The group in which all conditions stay the same expcept for the condition that is changed.

-The group in which all conditions stay the same.

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-The work of scientists usually begins with careful observations.

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-Information gathered from observations duirng experimentation (also called evidence.)

-Possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question;  Testable explanation;  Educated predicition;  Arises from: prior knowledge, logical inferences, imaginative guesses.

-If _____, then _____.

-Process by which organisms keep their internal conditions stable.

-A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.

-Proteins that act as biological catalysts;  Lowers activation energy. 

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Proteins;  Very specific to substrate;  Not used up in reactions; can be used again;  Affected by temperature & pH value; speed up chemical reactions

Elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction.

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-Elements or compunds that enter into a chemical reaction. 

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-Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

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Energy that is needed to get a reaction started.

First person to observe cells and name them cells;  Observed a piece of cork.

Determined that all plants are made of cells.

Determined that all animals are made of cells.

-Structure that surrounds the cell membrane that provides support and protection for the plant cell; inflexible.

 -Found in plants, algae, fungi, and most prokaryotes.

 -Not found in animal cells.

 -Allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other substances to pass through.

-cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier around cell; controls movement of materials into and out of the cell; selective permeable; exports wastes and cell products; imports nutrients and water

-consists of double layered sheet called a lipid bilayer with protein molecules embedded in the bilyer for facilitated diffusion

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-Organelle that release energy from stored food molecules;  Powerhouse of cell;  Found in most eukaryotic cells;  Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

Cells that contain nuclei and other membrane bound organelles.

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Cells that have cell membranes and cytoplasm but do not contain nuclei nor do they have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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-Contain chlorophyll;  Where photosynthesis takes place;  Most common plastid that contains chlorophyll;  Found in plant cells; not in animal or fungal cells.

 -Trap energy from sunlight to make food molecules in the process of photosynthesis. 

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-Site of protein synthesis;  Small particles made of RNA and protein

 -Can be found as free in cytoplasm or attached on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.

-mitochondria carry out cellular respiration

-chloroplast carries out photosynthesis

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

-diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concerntration to a lower concentration.

-When substances move from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater concentration. 

-Requires energy.

-Endocytosis is process of taking material into the cell.

-Exocytosis is the process of removing material form cell.

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-Movement of particles across a cell membrane without using energy.  From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

 -Diffusion; Osmosis (only water); Facilitated diffusion (through protein channel)

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Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform particular functions within the organism.

 Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems

Some substances can pass across cell membranes and others cannot.

-A specialized cell part that performs important cellular functions in a eukaryotic cell.

-Largest organelle; the brain of the cell; contains hereditary information of DNA.

-Clear, jelly-like fluid that lies outside the nucleus and surrounds organelles; Site of many chemical reactions.

-Packed into identifiable chromosomes when cells are ready for reproduction.

-Made of tightly coiled DNA bound to protein.  Shortens and thickens to form chromosomes.

-Threadlike structures within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

-Located inside the nucleus, it makes ribosomes.

-Network of thin, fibrous elements to provide support for organelles.

-Hollow tubes of protein; help the cell maintain its shape and can serve as tracts along which organelles are moved.

-Form centrioles that are important in cell division; help separate chromatids.

-Long thin fibers that aid in the movement and support of the cell.

-Folded membrane that forms a network of tubelike structures for transport.

-Involved in storage, modification, and packaging proteins.

-Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes.

-Storage of food, water, and waste

-Found in pairs near the nucleus in animal cells

-Main pigment in plants; does not absorb green light; found in chloroplasts

 -Absorbs energy from sunlight which goes to electrons that make photosynthesis work.

-Main compound that organisms use to store energy. Chemical energy that is needed for cellular reactions to occur; High Chemical energy

 -Consists of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups.

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-When cell has energy to store it does so by adding one phosphate group to ADP to make ATP.  Energy is stored in the bond of the phosphate group; Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.

 -ADP is recycled to make ATP

 -Low Chemical energy

 -Consists of adenine, ribose and two phosphate groups.

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-Occurs in the stroma of chloroplast;  uses ATP and NADPH to form high energy sugars;  Can occur in the dark or light.

 -Uses high-energy molecules formed within the thylakoid membrane to convert CO₂ into sugar molecules.

-Uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy sugars & starches.  Light, water, and carbon dioxide are all used in the overall reactions.

Equation    6CO₂  +  6H₂O  à C₆H₁₂O₆  +  60₂

-Adenine, Ribose and 3 phosphate groups

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-Adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate groups

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-saclike photosynthetic membranes found in the chloroplast; contain photosystems of chlorophyll and other pigments that can capture the energy of sunlight.

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-a stack of thylakoids

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-organisms that make their own food; such as plants

-organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume; cannot make their own food.

-Belgian physician that concluded from experimentation that most of the mass gained by plants comes from water.

     - English minister experimented and found oxygen was released during photosynthesis.

-Dutch scientist who showed that light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen.

-the space outside the thylakoid membranes

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-process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen; also called aerobic respiration; more efficient than anaerobic respiration; net gain of 36 ATP

 -occurs in mitochondria

Glucose + Oxygen ® Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy 38ATP (Net 36ATP)

6O₂  + C₆H₁₂O₆ ®        6CO₂     +  6H₂O   +   Energy

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-anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid; occurs in cytoplasm; net gain of 2 ATP molecules

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-breaks down pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide; Yeasts and some bacteria; anaerobic fermentation.

 -causes bread to rise and used by brewing industry.

-breaks down pyruvic acid that was made in glycolysis to get energy; anaerobic fermentation.

 -milk converted to yogurt; cabbage to sauerkraut; cumbers to pickles

-occurs when your muscle cells require energy at a faster rate that can be supplied by aerobic respiration resulting in burning in muscles.

 -not as efficient as aerobic respiration; net of 2 ATP

-Cellular respiration; 1st stage Glycolysis; 2nd stage Krebys Cycle; 3rd Electron Transport Chain

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- Citric acid cycle; pyruvic acid broken down into carbon dioxide; begins when pyruvic acid enters the nitochondrion; products are carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.

-1st stage of photosynthesis; reaction in which light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP); occurs in thylakoid membranes.

-produces ATP, oxygen and NADPH

-2nd stage of photosynthesis; does not require light; takes place in stroma of chloroplast; converts CO₂ into sugar molecules. 

-Water (lack slows down photosynthesis); Temperature; Light Intensity

-a two word scientific name of each species introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.

• A kingdom is a group of closely related phyla.  It’s the largest category.
• A phylum (Division-Plant Kingdom) is a group of closely related classes. 
• A class is a group of closely related orders.
• An order is a group of closely related families.
• A family is a group of closely related genera (genus).
• A genus is a group of closely related species.
• A species is a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

-based on evolutionary relationships (similarities)

-Animalia; Plantae; Protista; Fungi; Eubacteria; Archaebacteria

-Autotroph or heterotroph; unicellular; prokaryote

-Autotroph or heterotroph; unicellular; prokaryote

-Autotroph or heterotroph; most unicellular, some multicellular; eukakryote

-Heterotroph; most multicellular, some unicellular; eukaryote

-Autotroph; multicellular; eukaryote

-Heterotroph; multicellular; eukaryote

-All living things are composed of cells.

-Cells ae the basic units of structure and function in living things.

-New cells are produced from existing cells.

-atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

-equal to the number of protons the atom contains.

-Measurement system to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; measures from 0 to 14; each step is a factor of 10.

-pH of 7 is neutral

-pH less than 7 is an acid

-pH greater than 7 is a base 

-bases form hydroxide ions in a solution  OH^-

-the concentration of hydroxide ions decreases as you move from 14 to zero on the pH scale and increases as you move from 0 to 14.

-Concentration increases as you move from 14 to zero on the pH scale and decreases as you move from 0 to 14.  H⁺

-formed by acids in a solution.

-is a polar molecule (electron charges are unevenly distributed among the oxygen and hydrogen atoms).

-hydrogen bonds form between water molecules

-cohensive which is attraction between molecules of the same substance

-adhension which is attraction between nolecules of different substances

-greatest solvent on Earth

-forms when electrons are shared between atoms.

-formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.  The atom that loses an electron has a positive charge and is known as a positive ion; atom that gains an electron has a negative charge and is known as a negative ion.

-forms between water molecules; not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds

-Van der Waals; weak attraction between molecules

-Water is a polar molecule in which the electron charges are unevenly distributed between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms

-Proteins that act as biological catalysts;  Lowers activation energy. 

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-compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms;  used by living things as their main source of energy.

-3 types:  monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides

-good fats that are produced when fats break down; made from carbon and hydrogen; stored energy and not usually soluble in water; best type for humans is polyunsaturated.

-polymers made from nucleotides; store and transmit hereditary information.

-polymers of molecules called amino acids; help carry out chemical reactions, transport small moleucles in and out of cells, and fight diseases.

-contain carbon; 4 types are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.

-process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen; also called aerobic respiration; more efficient than anaerobic respiration; net gain of 36 ATP

 -occurs in mitochondria

-addition of a water molecule to break apart covalent bonds of glucose.

-contain carbon

-do not contain carbon; any substance in which two or more chemical elements other than carbon are
combined, nearly always in definite proportions.

-a specialized vacuole of eukaryote cells, especially protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of a permanent narrow neck; function is probably osmoregulatory.

-concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell.  Water moves into the cell.

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-concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher thn the concentration inside the cell.  Water moves out of the cell

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-concentration of dissolved substances outside and inside the cell are the same.

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-movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.  This process is fast, specific, and does not require energy.

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-process by which large amounds of material are removed from the cell; the membrane of the vacuole fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the waste out of the cell

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-third stage of cellular respiration; uses high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to turn aDP into ATP.

-releases energy from food molecules; two types are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

-one of the products of alcoholic fermentation

-ethyl alcohol

-anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming 2 molecules of pyruvic acid; occurs in the cytoplasm; net gain of 2 ATP

-1st stage of cellular respiration

-breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide; begins when pyruvic acid entrs the nitochondrion

-products are carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

-uses alcoholic fermentation; casues bread to rise; yeast gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol with a net gain of 2 ATP

-produce of Lactic Acid fermentation.  Causes a burning sensation in the muscles.

-1 km = 0.62 miles; use proportions to change from one unit of measure to another.

-dimensional analysis

-The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10. 

-average of the mass of serveral objects.  mass is the amount of matter in an object.

-A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed thorugh observation and experiment. 

101. Mass Number

Equal to the number of protons plus number of neutrons found in the nucleus.

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102. Proton, Neutron, Electrons

Subatomic particles than make up an atom.

• Protons are positively charged and located in the nucleus. The number of protons = Atomic Number.
• Neutrons have no charge and are located in the nucleus.
• Electons are negatively charged and are located in the electron cloud which encircles the nucleus. 
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103. Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance. Explanation why drops of water form beads on a smooth surface.

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104. Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances. Explains why a meniscus forms when water is in a graduated cylinder.

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105. Organic

Contains Carbon. There are four groups found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

106. Active site of Enzyme

Part that fits into the substrate. If destroyed, the enzyme will not work.

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107. Contractile vacuole of Paramecium

Pumps excess water out of an organism to maintain homeostasis.

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108. Mean value

Average of a set of values

109. Scientific Research

Uses the scientific method to find answers to questions.

110. Positive correlation

A relationship between two variables such that their values increase or decrease together. 

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111. Negative Correlation

A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases, and vice versa. 

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112. Joseph Priestly

English minister that experimented to see if something in the air was necessary to keep a candle burning. He found that it was oxygen, which is released during photosynthesis. 

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112. Jan van Helmont

Experimented to find out if ploants grew by taking materials out of the soil. He concluded that most of the mass gained by the tree had come form water, since water was the only thing he added to the pot of soil.

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113. Activiation Energy

Energy that is needed to get a reaction started.

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114. Mammal

Have hair or fur; four-chambered heart; use lungs for respiration; get milk from mother.

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115. Catalyst

Substance that speeds up the reate of a chemical reaction. Work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

116. Phagocytosis

 Engulfing of solid particles or when large particles are taken into the cell by endocytosis.

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117. Dichotomous Key

A tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world.

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118. Grana

A stack of thylakoids

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119. Inoculate

 To implant (a disease agent or antigen) in a person, animal, or plant to produce a disease for study or to stimulate disease resistance.

120. Incubate

To keep something in proper conditions for development.