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| The Belmont Report principle that requires minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits |
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| A researcher's informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment's purposes and methods and evaluating subjects' personal reactions to the experiment. |
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| A group of organizational and community representatives required by federal law to review the ethical issues in all proposed research that is federally funded, involves human subjects, or has any potential for harm to subjects |
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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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| The Belmont Report principle that requires distributing benefits and risks of research fairly. |
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| The Belmont Report principle that requires treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy. |
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| Also known as the "f-test", a general statistical procedure used when there are more than two levels of an independent variable or for complex experimental designs with two or more independent variables |
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| Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) |
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| This is used as a comparison condition for assessing the effect of a treatment |
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| In an experiment, independent groups of participants receive the different levels of the IV |
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| An important source of experimental error for a within-subjects design, this problem occurs when the effects from one treatment condition are carried over to the next. |
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| A particular way in which participants are treated; a group or treatment in an experiment. |
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| A scientific investigation must exercise control of study variables either by research design or statistical techniques |
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| A standardized measure of association; often the difference between the mean of the experimental group and the mean of the control group on the dependent variable, adjusted for the avg variability in the two groups. This measures the strength of the predicted or hypothesized relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable |
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| Holding constant as many extraneous variables as possible so that any effect on the dependent variable can be attributed to changes in the independent variable |
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| The extent to which the results of a study generalize to other situations or populations |
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| Another term for the independent variable in an experiment |
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| In a between-subjects design, people's differences can confound results, and thus random assignment in forming experimental and control groups can be used to help neutralize these differences |
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| Speaks to the logic of experimental design - the extent to which procedures and methods are optimally arranged so that the effects of the IV on the DV can be evaluated unambiguously |
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| This is used to combat confounds of carryover effect in within-subjects experiments. It is an incomplete counterbalancing arrangement in which each possible order of treatments occurs equally often across research participants |
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| A pilot to assess whether the independent variable manipulation creates the intended effect. IRB approval is required before conducting this |
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| If results are repeatable when the behaviors from a study are remeasured, it's generally believed to be |
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| This is produced by a factor that introduces inaccuracies into the measurement of a variable |
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| A procedure for equating the characteristics of individuals in different comparison groups in an experiment. This can be done on either an individual or an aggregate basis. |
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| In experimental research, the measurement of an outcome (Dependent) variable after an experimental intervention or after a presumed independent variable has changed for some other reason |
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| In experimental research, the measurement of an outcome variable prior to an experimental intervention or change in a presumed independent variable for some other reason. Tis is exactly the same "test" as the posttest, but it is administered at a different time |
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| A research design in which there is a comparison group that is comparable with the experimental group in critical ways, but participants are not randomly assigned to the experimental and comparison groups. |
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| A procedure that is used to control for bias that ensures that each participant has an equal liklihood of being placed in either control or experimental groups. That is, the assignment of cases is done by a chance procedure (at random) |
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| A statement tderived from theory that predicts that the variables under investigation are statistically related in the population; in other words, the obtained results in the study sample are true for the general population |
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| To increase internal validity, mathematical procedures can be employed to quantify the effects of variables that cannot be randomized but are known to be strongly related to the DV, IV, or both |
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| Another term for the condition of an experiment |
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| A researcher has complete control over the manipulation of the IV. Such experimental control allows for testing whether systematically varying the IV causes changes in the DV. What Type of experiment is this? |
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| In an experiment, all research participants receive all levels of the IV |
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| The type of validity that exists when scores on a measure are closely related to scores on a criterion measured at the same time |
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| Established by showing that same traits measured by different methods are related, whereas different traits measured by same methods are unrelated |
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| An important aspect of construct validity, this measures the extent to which the same trait measured by two different methods yields similar results |
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| The extent to which tests scores agree with an objective criterion that follows logically from the measures variable |
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| An approach to construct validation; established by showing evidence that different traits measured by the same methods are unrelated |
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| The type of validity that exists when an inspection of items used to measure a concept suggests that they are appropriate "on their face" |
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| An approach that calculates reliability based on the correlation among multiple items used to measure a single concept; also known as internal consistency |
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| The ability of a measure to predict scores on a criterion measured in the future |
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| A measurement procedure that yields consistent scores when the phenomenon being measured is not changing; the degree to which a measure or a set of data is consistent |
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| Reliability achieved when responses to the same questions by two randomly selected halves of a sample or two halves of a test are about the same |
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| The extent to which scores remain consistent on the same test administered on two different occasions to the same group of examinees |
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