Term
| what is CO2 made from energy metabolism called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we consider CO2 an acid molecule? |
|
Definition
| can be converted to H+ through the buffering system |
|
|
Term
| what is CO2 called when it is not made by metabolism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbons does Acetyl-CoA have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many carbons does citrate have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a molecule that can liberate H+
increase H+ concentration in solution |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a strong acid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that is capable of combining with H+ |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a strong base? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does bicarbonate do briefly? |
|
Definition
| help to regulate H+ levels to extend time to muscle fatigue |
|
|
Term
| what would you expect a lactate supplement to do? |
|
Definition
| be converted to pyruvate and increase the turns of the krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| the concentration of H+ is expressed in what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pH of muscle compared to blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pH of pure water? |
|
Definition
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Term
| T/F the higher the pH, the more acidic. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pH survival range? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the pH becomes more acidic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the pH becomes more basic? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F abnormal pH can disrupt normal body function and affect performance. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when its more acidic does the concentration of H+ increase or decrease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| during alkalosis, the H+ concentration increases or decreases? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to pH when the blood lactate concentration increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ventilation threshold? |
|
Definition
| increase in breathing when there is an increase in CO2 concentration |
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Term
| T/F as H+ increases, bicarbonate decreases, then CO2 increases: eventually you'll reach the lactate threshold. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the steps when there is an inadequate O2 delivery? |
|
Definition
muscle tissue uses more anaerobic systems->
in turn generates more lactic acid->
buffer bicarbonate in blood and muscle->
nonlinear increase |
|
|
Term
| how does acidosis lead to diabetes? |
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Definition
| if they don't receive hyperglycemia treatment, they will begin to break down fat, which will eventually lead to ketoacidosis |
|
|
Term
| what is metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
| gain in the amount of acid in the body |
|
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Term
| what are the effects of long term starvation? |
|
Definition
| ketoacidosis from fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
| where does acid come from during fasting? |
|
Definition
| ketones from fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| loss of acids from the body |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
severe vomiting
kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| what organ regulates acid/base at rest? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how much carbs can a normal individual store? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when there are no carbs in your diet? |
|
Definition
can only support 1/2 the day, increase glycogen breakdown, after 1/2 the day->
no glucose-> increase utilization of fat and muscle protein->
breakdown of fat leads to increase ketones->
increase water to the kidneys to dilute ketones->
increase water excretion->
increase dehydration |
|
|
Term
| how many fatty acids does one molecule of triglyceride offer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to someone with type 1 diabetes if they do not receive treatment? |
|
Definition
| after 1/2 the day they may faint |
|
|
Term
| how does exercise help people with diabetes? |
|
Definition
| increase insulin sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| after an overnight fast, what percent of body energy requirements do ketones supply? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Ketones do not provide energy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| after a three day fast, what percent of body energy requirements do ketones supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during prolonged fasting, what percent of body energy requirements do ketones supply? |
|
Definition
| the percent is too high and therefore the individual will suffer ketoacidosis |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of ketoacidosis? |
|
Definition
weakness
difficulty breathing
coma
death |
|
|
Term
| during exercise, do muscle cells need insulin to take glucose into the cell? |
|
Definition
| no, they can activate glucose transporters within the cell |
|
|
Term
| is protein metabolism similar to fat metabolism when there are no carbs available? |
|
Definition
yes
increase in urea concentration causes and increase in water to the kidney to dilute the urea->
increase dehydration |
|
|
Term
| what happens to CO2 levels during exercise? |
|
Definition
increase in CO2 concentration
more CO2 is converted to H+ |
|
|
Term
what are volatile acids?
where do they come from? |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide-end product of carb, fat and protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
what are fixed acids?
where do they come from? |
|
Definition
sulfuric acid-metabolism of certain amino acids
phosphoric acid-phosphlipid and nucleic acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
what are organic acids?
where do they come from? |
|
Definition
lactic acid-carb and fat metabolism
acetoacetic acid-carb and fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mainly lactic acid during exercise |
|
|
Term
| what factors contribute to H+ production? |
|
Definition
carbonic acid
lactic acid
sulfuric acid
acidic ketone bodies
phosphoric acid |
|
|
Term
| what sports contribute to H+ production? |
|
Definition
sprinting
100-meter
400-meter
800-meter |
|
|
Term
| what does heavy exercise result in? |
|
Definition
| production of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| increased H+ can impair performance: why? |
|
Definition
inhibits enzymes in aerobic and anaerobic ATP production
hinders muscle contractile process by coppering with Ca2+ for binding sites on troponin |
|
|
Term
| T/F generate more H+-> less Ca to bind to troponin C-> less cross bridges-> less muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is acid/base maintain by buffers? |
|
Definition
release H+ ions when pH is high
accept H+ ions when pH is low |
|
|
Term
| what are intracellular buffers (in muscle)? |
|
Definition
proteins
phosphate groups
bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| what are extracellular buffers (in blood/plasma)? |
|
Definition
blod proteins
hemoglobin
bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made by amino acids
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
|
|
Term
how much protein does an average-size adult have?
how much is located in the skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can we convert carbs to fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can we convert protein to carbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the four features of amino acids?
what is the most unique? |
|
Definition
Central Hydrocarbon Group
Amine Group
Acid Group
R Group*** |
|
|
Term
How many total amino acids?
are they the same? |
|
Definition
20
each with a unique structure |
|
|
Term
| what is hemoglobin buffering used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is oxygenated hemoglobin better for buffering than deoxygenated hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
no
deoxygenated hemoglobin is a better buffer to bind H+ compared to oxygenated hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| how many times more capacity does hemoglobin buffering have over plasma protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what does bicarbonate buffering consist of?
why is NaHCO3 used? |
|
Definition
carbonic acid
sodium bicarbonate-strong base |
|
|
Term
| how does sodium bicarbonate work in buffering? |
|
Definition
| converts HCl to a weaker acid |
|
|
Term
| what is the carbonic acid dissociation equation? |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| what happens to H+ with accelerated breathing? |
|
Definition
| can convert H+ back to CO2 to excrete by ventilation |
|
|
Term
| when pH decreases, H+ increases; explain this. |
|
Definition
reaction moves to the left
CO2 is 'blown off' by the lungs, raising pH |
|
|
Term
what are the 3 forms of CO2 transport in the blood?
what are the percentages? |
|
Definition
10% dissolved in the plasma
20% bound to hemoglobin
70% bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| how is O2 transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
| oxygen from the lungs binds to hemoglobin in the RBCs, then carried to the cells and released |
|
|
Term
| what is the chloride shift? |
|
Definition
| HCO3- moves out of the RBC and Cl- moves in to maintain electrochemical balance |
|
|
Term
| how is CO2 transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
CO2 generated in the muscle->
CO2 is converted to H+ and binds to Hb->
chloride shift->
Hb transports H+ to the capillaries->
converted back to CO2->
diffuse into he alveoli |
|
|
Term
| 1 molecule of Hb can bind to how many molecules of oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F kidneys play a role in acid/base balance during exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the kidneys regulate blood bicarbonate concentration under normal conditions, when blood pH decreases? |
|
Definition
| reduced rate or bicarbonate excretion |
|
|
Term
| how do the kidneys regulate blood bicarbonate concentration under normal conditions, when blood pH increases? |
|
Definition
| increased rate of bicarbonate excretion |
|
|
Term
| what is lactic acid production dependent on? |
|
Definition
exercise intensity
amount of muscle mass involved
duration of exercise |
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood pH during exercise? |
|
Definition
| declines with increasing intensity |
|
|
Term
what happens to muscle pH during exercise?
why? |
|
Definition
declines more dramatically than blood pH
muscle has lower buffering capacity |
|
|
Term
| explain the changes is arterial blood and muscle pH during exercise. Why? |
|
Definition
| both decreased pH primarily due to the increase in lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| why is muscle pH is always 0.4-0.6 pH unit lower than blood? |
|
Definition
higher lactic acid concentration in muscles
lower buffering capacity in the muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
70% oxidized by other tissues
20% converted to glycogen or glucose in the liver
10% converted to amino acids |
|
|
Term
| compare the arterial blood pH and muscle pH during exercise. |
|
Definition
| muscle pH will drop more quickly as there is an increase in work rate |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the cycle where lactate is converted to glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the percentages of buffering of lactic acid in the muscle? |
|
Definition
60% through intracellular proteins
20-30% by muscle bicarbonate
10-20% from intracellular phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| what is the major buffer of lactic acid in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F increases in lactic acid are accompanied by increases in bicarbonate and blood pH. |
|
Definition
false
decreases in bicarbonate and blood pH |
|
|
Term
| T/F Hb plays a major role in buffering of lactic acid in the blood during exercise, but not rest. |
|
Definition
false
Hb plays a major role in buffering at rest |
|
|
Term
Why does a pyruvate supplement not work?
could we modify the protocol to use pyruvate supplement more efficiently? |
|
Definition
because there is an increase in blood pyruvate concentration and not muscle concentration
maybe |
|
|
Term
| As the lactic acid threshold is reached what happens to the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first line of regulation of acid-base balance during exercise? |
|
Definition
cellular buffers
blood buffers |
|
|
Term
| what is the second line of regulation of acid-base balance during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurovascular structure in the capillaries at the carotid artery branches in the neck that contain chemoreceptors that detect O2, CO2 and pH of the blood to help regulate respiration |
|
|
Term
| how does respiratory compensation work? |
|
Definition
during exercise
increase in blood H+->
stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid bodies->
send signals to respiratory control center->
increase alveolar ventilation->
increase CO2 "blown off" from the blood by accelerating recombination of H+ and HCO3->
decrease plasma H+ concentration |
|
|
Term
| when will you see an increase in ventilation? |
|
Definition
| during high intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| does pH effect exercise performance? |
|
Definition
yes
a decrease in pH will result in a decrease in force production |
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|
