Term
| How is heat exchanged between the body and the environment? |
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Definition
Evaporation
Radiation
Convection
Conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat exchange when a stream of air is a different temperature than the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat exchange when the body comes in contact with an object at a different temprature |
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Term
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Definition
| Warmer objects lose heat to cooler objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing & sweating to cool the body |
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Term
| Range of ambient temperature where the body doesn't have to expend lots of energy to maintain temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the biggest contributing factors to an animal's thermoneutral zone? |
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Definition
size
also age & environmental factors |
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Term
True or False
The thermoneutral zone is species specific |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when body temperatures are above upper critical temperature? |
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Definition
| Start panting or sweating to lose heat, increases the metabolic rate |
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Term
| What happens when body temperatures are below lower critical temperature? |
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Definition
| Animal starts to shiver to generate more heat, increases the metabolic rate |
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Term
| At what temperature do proteins start to denature? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Large mammals have 'thermal inertia' because of low surface area : volume ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| How is body temperature maintained in the thermoneutral zone? |
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Definition
| vasoconstriciton/dilation, changes in posture |
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Term
| What is the typical environment temperature for a horse to operate in the thermal neutral zone? |
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Definition
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Term
| When ATP is hydrolyzed how much energy is energy is used to do work and how much is lost to heat? |
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Definition
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Term
| When exercising, how fast does a horse reach maximum temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long after exercise does it take for the body to start cooling down? How long to reach a normal temperature again? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why don't horses efficiently maintain temperature by conduction/convection? |
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Definition
| They have low surface area compared to volume |
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Term
| When at rest, how is water & electrolytes typically lost? |
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Definition
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Term
| When active, how is water & electrolytes typically lost? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is equine sweat hyper or hypo tonic to plasma? How so? |
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Definition
hypertonic
70mmol/L of potassium vs 4
170mmol/L of sodium chloride vs 105 |
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Term
| What is the sweating rate per unit of surface area for a horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many liters per hour do horses sweat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of fluid & electrolyte loss? |
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Definition
hyperthermia
decreased plasma volume
altered pH |
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Term
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Definition
| body is producing or absorbing more heat than it can lose |
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Term
| What is the result of decreased plasma volume? |
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Definition
| Less blood flow to muscle & other tissues |
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Term
| What is the result of an altered acid-base balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some performance signs of fluid & electrolyte loss? |
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Definition
decreased exercise tolerance
fatigued sooner and at lower body temperature |
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Term
| What is the term for 'inability to sweat' |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the short & long term treatments for annhydrosis? |
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Definition
air condition stall, spray with water
long term move to a cooler region |
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Term
| What are some strategies to aid thermoregulation? |
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Definition
provide water & electrolytes
cool with cold water
shade
wind
don't blanket if they're warm |
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Term
| How should electrolytes be given? |
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Definition
fresh water available unlimited
mixed in a bucket with water (hypotonic solution) |
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Term
| When should a horse be supplemented with electrolytes> |
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Definition
-any exercise with moderate to heavy sweating for 0.5 to 1 hrs
-eevery 2 hours during prolonged exercise with sweating
-before an event or long trailer ride |
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Term
| For maintenance, how can electrolyte balance be maintained> |
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Definition
| access to a salt block & unlimited water |
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Term
| If 'pre-loading' a horse with electrolytes as a hypotonic solution, when should they be given the electrolyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| If 'pre-loading' a horse with electrolytes as a paste or in the feed, when should they be given the electrolyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What proportion of total electrolyte losses should a rider supplement with during an event? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of feed, grain or forage is recommended to be fed prior to an event to improve the ability to deal with the fluid/electrolye losses? |
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Definition
| Best to feed forage as it has been shown to increase water intake |
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Term
| How are condition and heat acclimation important to improve thermoregulation? |
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Definition
-improve muscle biochemistry & blood flow
-improve regulation of plasma volume
-improve ability to dissipate heat through sweating
-reduce heat storage during exercise |
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Term
| What is the best method to acclimate a horse to the heat? |
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Definition
daily exposure to hot conditions for 2 hours/day, 4 days/week for 3 weeks
light exercise for up to 1 hour in the heat |
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