there are at least 7 different pronunciations of t. these variants are not uniqe to t, every phoneme has variants

-oene of possibly several variations in the pronunciation of a articular phoneme

- bees and monkeys have semanticity

-bee dance is not arbitrary symbol, monkey calls are because their cals do not imitate predator being signaled

-bees use discrete- use movement for near and an 8 for far, vervet calls are also discrete

-duality of patterning: allows for comm system with inifinite capacity for new utterances to be constructed from a finite, even small basic elements so animals don't show this

-bees show limited productivity: can signal a location that has never been signaled before, monkeys have semantic content but can't be combined in novel ways

-bees show little displacement: time elapses between time a worker bee's discovery of flowers and the bee's arrival at the hive with good news.

bound morpheme

morphemes that must be combined with another morpheme (suffix-ful, as in helpful)

-words can be made up of various combos of bound and free morphemes

used for tense, number=inflectional

derivational morphology- lets you derive new parts of speech, add bound morphemes, change part of speech,-govern, government

sounds that restrict air flow

1) place/point of articulation: where airflow is resticted (pat,cat)

2) voicing: when your vocal cords start vibrating (pat, cat)

3) manner: how the air comes out (bat mat) phonemes PBM all change meaning

continuity: theorists who rely more on evidence from primatology tend to take this view, language evolved graudally from the system of gestures and calls of the ancestors of modern humans

discontinuity: theorists who place more emphasis on a linguistic evidence, and see language as a late developing ability that is very different from the gestures and calls of our homonid ancestors

skinner's explanation for language productivity was based on FSG consisting of transitions between seires of states or elements

-S-R series of stimulus responses, thought of language of huge chain of SRs.

-described sentence structure as chaining of adjacent elements

free morpheme

semanticity=language symbols that convey meaning. linguist terms=symbols of language have semantic content (language signals associated with things in the world)

arbitrariness: language signals are arb because there is no resemblance between the signal and the thing that the signal represents "dog"

discreteness: language is based on discrete symbols- you can't say dog in high pitched voie to mean a little dog, instead use words like huge dog

duality of patterning: each meaningful symbol in a language can be broken down into separate units that don't have meaning by themselves (a spoken word can be broken down into its component sounds)

Hockett's featers of language (PD)

productivity: language is creative, sentences can be made up of few basic elements but can be combined in many novel ways-syntax

displacement: by using language we can communicate about thing that are physically and temporarily displaced

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

-linguists think it consists of both listing of morphemes and rules for combinging them

phonemes are combined to make up meaning of units called morphemes

-untie is two morphemes

the structure of words and rules for building words out of pieces (morphemes)

-rules about word formation

add bound morphemes for tense, number, doesn't change part of speech

-rules for changing the form of a word to fit the word's role in a sentence -ed

lets you derive new parts of speech

-add bound morphemes, change part of speech

the proposal taht much of the knowledge required to use language is innate.

-language is founded on a set of innate ideas. many linguists believe the knowledge of that language users must have is so subtle/extensive that atleast some of that knowledge must be part of our genetic inheritence

any given language has a set of rules that specifies permissible sound combinations. these fules are known as phonology of language

-the sound pattern of language including basic elements (phonemes) and the rules for their combo

rules for how literal meaning can be changed by social context

-ppl must have knowledge of social interactions and the nature of requests which are examples of pragmatic knowledge to understand when we shld respond to the literal meaning of an utterance, and when an atterance means something wuite different from its literal meaning

Noam Chomsky argued FSG was inadequate

-phrases can be embedded inside a simple sentence so we can expand on a sentence inside out

much of our knowledge is not of the explicit sort that can be articulated

-tho we use tacit knowledge frequently the knowledge itlself is often difficult to describe and we're not consciously aware of using it

knowledge of all possible rules in languages.

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