Term
| Four psychological challenges of middle childhood |
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Definition
| achieve, self-understanding, peer relationships, family relationship |
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Term
| Erikson's Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority |
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Definition
| Industry: willingness to achieve. adult expectations. Inferiority: lack of confidence contributed with family, teachers and peers |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers until 4th grade. academic, social, physical competence and appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| mutually agreed-on relationship in which loyalty, intimacy and trust are defining features |
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Term
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Definition
| likability or extent to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner |
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Term
| 2 types of popular children |
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Definition
| popular-prosocial; well-liked cause they are kind, trustworthy and cooperative. Popular-antisocial; tough boys or relationally aggressive boys and girls. |
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Term
| 2 types of rejected children |
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Definition
| rejected-aggressive; antagonistic, confrontational and impulsive behavior. rejected-withdrawn; passive and socially awkward behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm. (direct and indirect) 15-30% are bullied, 10-20% are the bully |
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Term
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Definition
| withdrawn-rejected with no friends. some aggressive-rejected. at risk for low self-esteem and school failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| boys who are physically and relationally aggressive. high status and powerful. lack empathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| intimate relationships, school drop out, early sexual activity and teen pregnancy, delinquency and substance abuse. only 20-25% |
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Term
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Definition
| boys adjust better than girls, adolescents have trouble |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced father-child contact, fathers' children react negatively, girls and stepmother get along later better |
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Term
| 5 major changes of puberty |
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Definition
| adolescent growth spurt, development of primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics (not involved in reproduction), body composition, circulation and respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with biochemical signal from hypothalamus to pituitary gland to gonads to produce estrogens and androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't change mood except interaction between hormones and social/cultural context |
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Term
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Definition
| weight, height, muscle, asymmetrical (head, hands, feet, arms and legs, trunk) |
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Term
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Definition
| first period, between 10.5-15 years |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tracks age of first period, has decreased dramatically (nutrition) |
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Term
| Factors Effecting Timing of Puberty |
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Definition
| gender, genes, weight and body fat, stress |
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Term
| Findings on early maturation |
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Definition
| does not CAUSE problem behavior but may increase EXISTING problem behavior |
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Term
| 5 major changes in adolescent thinking |
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Definition
| 1.possibilities 2. abstract concepts 3. thinking 4. multiple dimensions 5. relative terms |
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Term
| Piaget's Formal Operational Thinking |
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Definition
| thinking is abstract and not tied to concrete or personal experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| what-if thinking problems |
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Term
| Side Effects of Abstract Thinking |
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Definition
| egocentrism: intense preoccupation with self and belief that others are preoccupied with your appearance and behavior. Imaginary audience and personal fable |
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Term
| Implications for Risk Taking |
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Definition
| limbic system matures at puberty. Prefrontal cortex does not mature until mid 20s. |
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Term
| Rate of teenage sexual activity |
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Definition
| 75% by 18-19 years old. 27% do not use contraception. |
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Term
| Bearman study of high school |
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Definition
| 1/3 of teen relationships lasted 6 months, one infected person could infect entire school |
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Term
| Bearman study of high school |
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Definition
| 1/3 of teen relationships lasted 6 months, one infected person could infect entire school |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling different (6-12), confusion (11-15), self-acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
| what and how we learn about sexuality and sexual relationships |
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Term
| Mother & Daughter Communication About Sex |
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Definition
| childhood- how babies are made, early adolescence- puberty and menstruation, lade adolescence- boyfriends, contraception, intimacy |
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Term
| Nature of Sexual Content in Media |
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Definition
| more verbal than visual, outside marital relationships, no contraception or STDs |
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Term
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Definition
| 29% of interactions contained references to sexual issues |
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Term
| Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Definition
| Identity: defining who you are. Confusion: lack of clear definition of self. restricted exploration. |
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Term
| Problems in Identity Development |
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Definition
| role confusion, identity foreclosure (period is bypassed), negative identity |
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Term
| Marcia's Identity Statuses |
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Definition
| Identity Achievement, moratorium (high exploration, low commitment), identity foreclosure, identity diffusion |
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Term
| Four Ethnic Identity Orientation |
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Definition
| assimilation (majority), marginality (alienated within majority), separation (reject majority), Biculturalism (ties to both) |
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Term
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Definition
| how important race is in defining your identity |
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Term
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Definition
| how you feel about being a member of your race |
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Term
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Definition
| how you think others view your race |
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Term
| Chavous Ethnic Identity and Achievement Findings |
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Definition
| alienated students most likely to drop out, buffering/defensive students most likely to go to college |
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Term
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Definition
| most teens close with parents, 5% expect problems, peaks during tween years, greatest between mothers & daughters, about petty things |
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Term
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Definition
| autonomous-relatedness is optimal! best predictor of mental health is quality parent-child relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pos. Autonomy (reasoning, confidence, Pos. Relatedness (Agreeing, engagement). Neg Autonomy (pressuring, over personalizing) Neg Relatedness (hostile, ignoring, cutting off) |
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Term
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Definition
| cliques are smaller with similar everything for intimacy and loyalty, crowds are larger for reputation and identity |
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Term
| Selection vs. Socialization |
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Definition
| selection regarding antisocial behavior, socialization for day-to-day preferences |
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Term
| Sex differences in depression |
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Definition
| boys before adolescence, girls after. (15-20%) biological, gender intensification, more stress for girls, cope with stress differently |
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Term
| Development of Antisocial Behavior |
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Definition
| early childhood (home, family problems), middle childhood (failure in school and peers), adolescence (deviant peers) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of genetically influenced biological aging that is universal in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| none in heart, lung capacity decreases 10% per decade after 25 |
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Term
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Definition
| athletic ability peaks between 20-35, declines until 60s and 70s |
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Term
| Immune System/Reproduction/Skin & Hair |
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Definition
| declines after 20, fertility declines after 35 for women and 40 for men, wrinkles, thinning and graying from 35 on |
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Term
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Definition
| rational, flexible and practical |
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Term
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Definition
| reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs and ideas. dualistic and relative thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| fantasy (children), tentative (interests, abilities, values), realistic (exploration) |
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Term
| Gender Stereotypes in Career Choices |
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Definition
| mothers who did not think their daughters excelled in math and science had a 66% change of not choosing a career in that field |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/3 enroll, 45% at 2 year and 30% at 4 year drop out, new ideas and beliefs, patterns of thinking, self-understanding and esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the child feels he or she fits in with others of the same gender |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the child feels satisfied with his or her gender assignment |
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Term
| Felt Pressure to Conform to gender roles |
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Definition
| the degree to which the child feels parents and peers disapprove of his or her gender-related traits |
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Term
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Definition
| transitional form of supervision in which they exercise general oversight while permitting children to be in charge of moment-by-moment decision making |
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