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Exam2AppendicularSkeleton,Muscles,AndLocomotion
Exam2AppendicularSkeleton,Muscles,AndLocomotion
17
Biology
Undergraduate 4
03/27/2014

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Cards

Term
Know the 7 kinds of locomotion
Definition
Swimming, Lateral Sequence Gait, Cursorial (running), Saltatorial (aka jumping), Brachiation (climbing), Aerial (gliding and flying), Fossorial (digging)
Term
Basic components of appendicular skeleton
Definition
Girdles (pectoral and pelvis, anchors the limbs)
Fins and limbs
Term
Components of fins/limbs
Definition
Basal, radial, and dermal fin rays (fin)

Styopodium (upper arm/thigh), Zeugopodium (forearm, shank), Autopodium (manus, Pes)
Term
Name the three bones of the pelvic girdle
Definition
Pubis (lower right), Ischium (roundish left), Ilium (top part)
Term
Compare pectoral and pelvic girdle
Definition
Pectoral: scapula attached to top of girdle for flexibility

Pelvic: placed near bottom of bone, closer to the center of gravity to give support, but not directly under it, as it needs enough flexibility for cursory movement
Term
Adaptations for curatorial locomotion
Definition
To get from lateral sequence gait, legs had to move below the axial skeleton to receive support from the pelvic girdle.

Loss of abdominal ribs gave more room to flex the axial skeleton
Having digits and limbs under body in the line of travel

And Flexion of axial skeleton from lateral to verticle.

Velocity can be increased by longer stride length or faster stride rate.
Term
How to increase stride length
Definition
longer bones, lengthening of limb elements via posture, increased extendability of whole skeleton (flex potential in skeleton and springing potential.)
Term
What are the 3 postures of the legs
Definition
Unguigrade (tippy toes and hooves)
Degitigrade (just resting on the digits, no tarsels, dogs do this)
Plantigrade (bottom of foot planted on ground)
Term
Explain axial flexibility
Definition
Some animals like cheetahs used axial as framework to spring from. While long necked animals like horses have less flex in the axial skeleton.
Term
Describe the adaptations to increase stride rate
Definition
Muscles at proximal end of limb (muscles at center of gravity, less at end swinging around.)

Digit reduction (digits are good for dexterity but bad for running so fewer digits=faster)
Term
Name the adaptations for flight
Definition
Axial skeleton (fused bones in synsacrum).
Ridged Sternum/keel (like thick bone in turkey) is a place for pectoral muscles to attach.
Feathers contour reduces friction drag, surface for both thrust and lift (also prevent air from slipping through wing)

Appendicular skeleton: zeugopodium and autopodium
Term
Describe the basic mechanics for flight
Definition
Air passes mroe quickly over the top of the wing and the lower pressure results in lift. (top of wing has greater distance for air to travel)
Term
Primary feathers
Definition
Produce thrust (forward motion) They are associated with autopodium.
Term
Secondary feathers
Definition
Produces lift, associated with zeugopodium
Term
Alula
Definition
Like the top of a trailer truck. It reduces turbulence by smoothing airflow. Steeper angle of attack=more lift. Taller it is less turbulence there is
Term
Zeugopodium vs Autopodium
Definition
Zeugopodium is like forearm (middle). It gives lift/gliding. A long one means soaring

Autopodium: manus (tip) longer autopodium means more thrust/maneuverability, like a hummingbird. Can't soar.
Term
What is Integument
Definition
feathers
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