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Exam1
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42
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/10/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Social Psychology
Definition
the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations.
Term
Social Neuroscience
Definition
An area of research in social psychology that seeks knowledge about the neural and biological bases of social processes.
Term
Implicit egotism
Definition
an unconscious tendency toward self-enhancement
Term
Multicultural perspective
Definition
a focus on understanding the cultural and ethnic factors that influence social behavior.
Term
Systematic observation
Definition
Carefully observing behavior as it occurs. A method of research in which behavior is systematically observed and recorded.
Term
Survey Method
Definition
A method of research in which large numbers of persons answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
observation of behavior in natural settings
Term
Correlation Method
Definition
A method of research in which a scientist systematically observes two or more variables to determine whether changes in one are accompanied by changes in the other.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
An as-yet-unverified prediction
Term
Experimentation (experimental method)
Definition
a method of research in which one or more factors (independent variable) are systematically changed to determine whether such variations affect one or more other factor (dependent variable).
Term
Independent variable
Definition
the variable that is systematically changed (varied) in an experiment.
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
The variable that is measured in am experiment.
Term
External validity
Definition
The extent to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized to real-life social situations and perhaps to who participated in the research.
Term
Inferential statistics
Definition
A special form of mathematics that allows us to evaluate the likelihood that a given pattern of results occurred by chance alone.
Term
Meta-analysis
Definition
A statistical technique for combining data from independent studies in order to determine whether specific variables have significant effects across these studies
Term
Theories
Definition
Effects by scientists in any field to answer the question "why?"; frameworks for explaining various events or processes
Term
Deception
Definition
A technique whereby researchers withhold information about the purpose or procedures of a study from persons participating in it.
Term
Informed Consent
Definition
A procedure in which research participants are provided with as much information as possible about a research project before deciding whether to participate in it.
Term
Debriefing
Definition
Procedures at the conclusion of a research session in which participants are given full information about the nature of the research and the hypothesis under investigation.
Term
Social cognition
Definition
the manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world
Term
affect
Definition
our current feelings and moods
Term
Schemes
Definition
mental frameworks centering around a specific theme that help us to organize social information
Term
Perseverance effects
Definition
the tendency for beliefs and schemas to remain unchanged, even in the face of contradictory information
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Definition
predictions that, in a sense, make themselves come true
Term
Information overload
Definition
Instances in which our ability to process information is exceeded
Term
Heuristics
Definition
simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid and seemingly effortless manner
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
a strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories. "The more similar an individual is to typical members of a given group, the more likely she or he is to belong to that group."
Term
Ava
Definition
Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
A strategy for making judgement on the bias of how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind.
Term
Anchoring and adjustment heuristics
Definition
a heuristic that involves the tendency to use a number or value as a starting point, to which we them make adjustments
Term
Automatic processing
Definition
after extensive experience with a task or type of information, the stage at which we can preform the information in a seemingly effortless, automatic, and nonconscious manner
Term
Negative bias
Definition
A greater sesitivity to negative information than to positive information
Term
optimistic bias
Definition
our predisposition to expect things to turn out well over-all
Term
overconfidence barrier
Definition
the tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our judgments than is reasonable
Term
Planning fallacy
Definition
the tendency to make optimistic predictions concerning how long a given task will take for completion
Term
 counterfactual thinking
Definition
the tendency to imagine other outcomes in a situation than the ones that occurred
Term
thought suppression
Definition
efforts to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousness
Term
Magical thinking
Definition
thinking involving assumptioms that don't hold up to rational scrutiny
Term
Mood dependent memory
Definition
Information learned while in a positive/negative mood --> more easily recalled when in a positive/negative mood
Term
Mood congruence effects
Definition
good/bad mood --> positive/negative information noticed and remembered
Term
Social preception
Definition
the process through which we seek to know and understand other persons
Term
Attribution
Definition
the process through which we seek to identify the causes of others' behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions
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