Term
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Definition
Steps:
Ask a Question
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyze the results
Draw a conclusion
Communicate results
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Term
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Definition
Matter is anything that has volume and mass
Volume-the amount of space taken up or occupied by an object
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Properties of Matter(Cont.)
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Definition
Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties.
Physical change is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance. Melting is an example of physical change.
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Term
| Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures |
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Definition
Pure substances is a substance in which there is only one type of particle elements and compounds.
Metal-elements that are shiny and are good conductors of thermal energy.
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Elements, Compounds,
and Mixtures
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Definition
Compound is a pure substance compound of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
Mixtures are impure and a combination of two or more substances that are not chemcially combined.
Hetergeneous mixtures- different components can be seen as individual substances. EX. Orange juice due to the pulp that is seen |
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Elements, Compounds, and
Mixture (cont. again...) |
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Definition
Homogeneous mixture- have the same ratio of substances that are evenly disturbed amounts each other.
A solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substances that are evenly disturbed amounts each other.
In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. |
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Term
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Definition
An atom is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substances.
Protons are postively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons are neutrally charged particles in an atom.
Electrons are negatively charged particles in an atom. They are found outside the nucleus within electron clouds.
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Definition
Atomic Number- the number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic Mass- the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom
A group is an arrangement of the elements arranged of the elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same column.
A period is a sequence of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number and forming one of the hortizonal row in the periodic table. |
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The Atom
(cont. again and again)
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Definition
Group 18 is the noble gases and are stable - 8 valence electrons
Group 17 is the Halogens and are the most reactive-7 valence electrons
Chemical bonding is the joining of atoms to form new substances.
There are 2,8,18, and 32 electrons in the first 4 levels of an atom.
The outermost region of the electron cloud contains the valance electrons and is the valence shell
The maximum number of valence electrons that an atom can have is eight. |
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The Atom
(cont. again again again) |
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Definition
Ionic bond is the formed when an atom looses or gains an electron. Metal and Nonmetal.
Anion gains electrons and has a negative charge - negative ion
Cation loes electrons and has a postive charge-postive ion
covalent bonds-when two atoms, nonmetals share electrons
oxidation number-the number of electrons that were lost, gained or shared when bonding. |
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Term
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Definition
Reactants-The starting material for a chemical reaction. It appears before the arrow in the chemical equation
Products-The new material formed by a chemical equation
Subscript-a number written below and to the right of a chemical symbol in a chemical formula.
Coefficient- numbers that are placed in front of the reactants or products to show the ratio in which they either combine or form
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Term
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Definition
Synthesis reaction is a reaction when 2 or more substances combine to form a new compound.
Decomposition reaction-a single compound is broken down to produce 2 or smaller compounds.
Single replacement- A single-displacement reaction, also called single-replacement reaction, is a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reaction when an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another.
Double replacement- a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound.
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Term
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Definition
Acid-A substance that produces or donates hydrogen ions in solution
Base- A substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution or accept hydrogen ions
Acids: lemon juice has citric acid
orange juice does also
vitamin C is ascorbic acid
vinegar is 5% acetic acid
boric acid is used in eye wash
sour milk has lactic acid
Bases: soap, toothpaste,human saliva, blood plasma, baking powder
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Term
Motion, Speed, Acceleration, and Velocity |
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Definition
Motion: the action or process of moving or of changing place or position
speed: object’s rate of change of its position
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity per unit of time
Velocity: The speed of something in a given direction
Displacement is a vector measure of the interval between two
locations measured along the shortest path connecting them. |
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Definition
Newton's 1st Law of Motion:
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. |
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Term
Newton's Second Law
of Motion |
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Definition
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion:
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). |
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Newton's Third Law
of Motion |
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Definition
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion:
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
Simple Machines:Wheel and Axle,Wedge,Lever,Screw,Pulley, Inclined plane
3 types of levers:
First, second, and third class levers. |
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Definition
There are three different kinds of levers. They are the first class,second class,and third class levers. The only difference between the three is the location of the fulcrum, or piveting point.
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Term
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Definition
A first class lever is like your everyday crowbar. The fulcrum is in the middle with the resistance force, the load, on one end and the effort force on the other.
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Definition
An example of a second class lever is a wheelbarrow. On a second class lever the fulcrum is on the end, the resistance force, the load, is in the middle,and the effort is at the other end.
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Term
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Definition
A baseball bat is an example of a third class lever .The fulcrum is on the end of one side, the effort force is in the middle, and the resistance force, the load, is at the the top. |
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Term
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Definition
The difference between mass and weight- mass is the amount of matter in an object and weight is the measure of gravitational force everted on an object.
Physical properties are used to decribed or identify matter... density is a physical property, so are ductility, malleability, solubility, and state of matter. |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical change occurs when one or more substance are changed into entirely new substances with different properties. |
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