Clostridium

chauvoei

Cause of blackleg in ruminants

Haemophilus

paragallinarum

Cause of fowl coryza

Haemophilus parasuis

Cause of Glasser's disease in swine

Serosal surfaces and joints

(polyserositis)

What are the tissues/ organ systems involved in Glasser's disease?

Clostridium

piliforme

Cause of enteritis in young rodents with focal hepatic necrosis, jaundice, and enterocolitis in older rodents

Taylorella

equigenitalis

Cause of contagious equine metritis

Bordetella

pertussis

Cause of whooping cough in humans

Actinobacillus

lignieresii

Cause of wooden tongue in cattle

Oral cavity and GI tract of

Ruminants

Natural habitat of the organism that causes wooden tongue

Actinobacillus

pleuropneumoniae

Cause of contagious pleuropneumonia in swine

Fusobacterium

necrophorum

Anaerobe commonly found in uterine infections of

dairy cattle

Fusobacterium

necrophorum

Anaerobe commonly causing thrush in horses

(frog infection)

Brachyspira

hyodysenteriae

Causes bloody dysentery in swine

Campylobacter

jejuni

Common cause of infectious food poisoning associated with improperly handled poultry meat

Brucella

melitensis

Most pathogenic Brucella species in humans

Brucella

suis

Brucella species with the widest host range

Lawsonia

intracellularis

cause of several manifestations of porcine proliferative enteropathy

Ticks and cotton-tailed rabbits

Two common causes of Francisella tularensis transmission in humans

Septic shock

(DIC and endotoxemia)

Major cause of death in individuals that develop fulminating infections of Neisseria meningiditus and N. gonorrhoeae

Vibrio

cholerae

Cause of cholera in humans

Brucella

abortus

Commonly involved in fistulous withers in horses

Eradication in the US

Why is fistulous withers not seen as caused by Brucella abortus anymore?

Abortion and hepatitis

Two most important clinical diseases of Leptospira interrogans in domestic animals

Black disease

Disease primarily Clostridium novyi type B

YAWS

Caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies partenue in humans

Redwater disease

This is associated with Clostridium hemolyticum

Disease of cattle associated with damage by liver flukes

Limberneck

Common disease of waterfowl caused by Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium botulinum grows in sediment at the bottom of ponds because it is anerobic.  They eat veatation from the bottom of the pond and ingest it.

Where do waterfowl get the toxin that causes limberneck?

Delayed calving, poor conception rates, and heifers keep coming into heat for 4-5 months before settling.

What is the predominant clinical presentation of Camplobacter fetus subspecies vernerealis when first introduced to a herd of cattle?

A) the amount of Leukotoxin produced

B) Whether it is a biotype A organism

What determines whether Fusobacterium necophorum is able to survive within the liver and produce abscesses?

The toxins bind to the target sites irreversibly and produce long-term inhibition of function, so treatment needs to be administered until regeneration occurs.

Why do treatments for tetanus and botulism need to be continued for several weeks to several months

Bordetella bronchiseptica causes mild destruction of the nasal turbinates by releasing dermonecrotic toxin.  This allows for colonization with Pasteurella multocida, which has a toxin that causes turbinate atrophy.

What is the role of Bordetella bronchiseptica in atrophic rhinitis in swine?

Chronic (4-6 wks), dry, non productive cough, vomiting

Cause: damaged tracheal ciliated epithelium

What is the clinical presentation of infectious canine tracheobronchitis?

Pseudomembranous colitis in humans is E)both associated with antimicrobial therapy that destroys normal flora and predisposes the intestine for infection, and is caused by Clostridium difficile.

Although guinea pigs , rabbits and hamsters may get infected with C. difficile, the major Clostridial infection effecting LAB RODENTS is Clostridium piliformae.

Pseudomembranous colitis in humans:

A) commonly associated with antimicrobial therapy that destroys the normal intestinal flora

B) is caused by Clostridium difficile

C) is associated with lab rodents, cats and other species

D) All of the above are correct

E) only A and B are correct

Leptospira interrogans is a UNIQUE bacterial pathogen because A) it can actively invade mucosal surfaces such as eyes, mouth, nose, genitalia, water-softened skin, wounds. It does so VERY AGGRESSIVELY and only needs a few seconds of contact to penetrate.

Leptospira interrogans DOES survive in ponds & streams.

It also IS SHED IN URINE, as most serovars can be naturally found in proximal convoluted tubule of kidneys.

It DOES NOT require an intermediate host, but MAY cause life threatening disease.

Leptospira interrogans is rather unique among bacterial pathogens because:

A) It can actively invade through mucosal surfaces

B) It survives in ponds and streams

C) It is transmitted in urine

D) It requires an intermediate host

E) It almost always causes life-threatening disease

D) serological tests to detect antibody against toxin is LEAST effective in detecting organisms involved in Clostridium infections because the diseases are too acute to generate antibody

Which of the following would be least effective method for detecting organisms involved in Clostridium infections:

A) Gas- liquid chromatography of isolated bacteria

B) Anaerobic carbohydrate fermentation tests with isolated bacteria

C)Flourescent antibody test on affected tissues

D)Serological tests to detect antibody against toxin

E) Toxin detection tests

Foot rot in sheep B) can be transmitted in sale barns by turning sheep into pens that recently held infected sheep. 

The organism can survive in a pen for a week or two.

Contagious foot rot in sheep is caused by Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum is the primary invader that causes EPIDERMIS only.

It is most often seen in LUSH, DAMP pastures

It is also quick spread and hard to eliminate.

Foot Rot in sheep:

A) is easily eliminated from a flock

B) can be transmitted in sale barns by turning sheep into pens that recently were occupied by infected sheep

C) is more likely seen in dry seasons where cracking of the hoof causing predisposing lesions

D) is primarily caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

E) none of the above

Rusty nails are good at inducing tetanus because E) the rust reduced the Eh in the local area where sore are introduced, allowing spores to germinate AND are contaminated with facultative anaerobes that remove oxygen from the injury site

Rusty nails are good at inducing tetanus because:

A) the rust reduced Eh in the local area where sores are introduced, allowing spores to germinate

B) Rusty nails are contaminated with facultative anaerobes that remove oxygen from the injury site

C) The rust elicits a stronger inflammatory response allowing the toxin to be carried into the bloodstream faster

D) All of the above

E) Only A and B above

F) This is actually a myth

Brucella abortus is true of E) none of the above.

Brucella species are susceptible to most chemical disinfectants.

B. abortus can cause disease in cattle, humans, SHEEP, GOATS, horses, boars, wild undulates and other animals.

It causes LATE TERM abortion in cattle.

It can cause EPIDIDYMITIS and ORCHITIS leading to sterility in BULLS.

Brucella abortus:

A) is resistant to many common disinfectants

B) only causes diseases in humans, cattle and horses

C) causes primarily an early term abortion in cattle

D) Does not cause significant disease in bulls

E) None of the above

Reduction of nitrates in cured meats could lead to a higer incidence of C) Botulism

This is why nitrites are added to cured meats preserve them.

Meat transmission of Campylobacteriosis is often assocaited with the chilling process in poultry.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections are most often caused by shellfish.

Reduction of nitrates in cured meats could lead to a higher incidence of:

A) Campylobacteriosis

B) Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection

C) Botulism

D) All of the above

E) Only B and C

Brucella suis is A) more likely to cause sterility than other Brucella spp.

Brucella suis is NOT eradicated, but not often found in the US, except FERAL swine.

Swine DO NOT produce a Humoral reponse, and are thus diagnosed by AGGLUTINATION test.

The DISEASE of Brucella is generalized and causes focal abscesses in organs, lamness, and sterility

Brucella suis:

A) is more likely to cause sterility than other Brucella sp

B) is commonly found in commercial swine in southern US

C) has been eradicated from the US

D) is easily detected by serologic testing

E) is localized to the reproductive tract

Brucella canis is unique among the Brucella species because B) it is shed in urine and other excretions of male and female dogs

Brucella canis PRIMARILY causes disease in dogs, but can infect humans. Felines DO NOT serve as a reservoir host. 

Also it produces a PERSISTANT BACTEREMIA.

Brucella canis is unique among the Brucella species because:

A) it only causes diseases in dogs

B) it is shed in urine and other excretions of male and female dogs
C) is a reservoir host in domestic cats and felines

D) it is readily cleared by immune system to produce short term infections

E) All of the above

The main receptors of the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens type D are located E) in the vasculature of the brain causing neurological signs.

C. perfringens type D causes Enterotoxemia known as OVEREATING disease in sheep. 

It DOES cause Pulpy Kidney, but not main receptor site.

The main receptors of the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens type D:

A) are in the kidneys causing "pulpy kidney" disease

B) are in the liver causing severe hepatitis
C) are in the neurons causing neurological signs

D) are in the small and large intestines causing severe enteritis

E) are in the vascular endothelium of the brain causing neurological signs

FALSE

IgA is the protective antibody of the VAGINA, immobilizing the organism to prevent it from ascending the reproductive tract.

Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis is cleared from the uterus of cattle when specific IgA is produced thus preventing invasion of the endometrium

True or False?

FALSE

Clostridium tetani DOES NOT ACTIVELY INVADE and multiply. The organism relys solely on toxin production at local tissue sites.

Clostridium tetani found in horse feces is more invasive and produces higher quantities of tetanospasmin.

True or False

TRUE

Tetanus is frequently associated with improper use of elastrators in tail docking and castration

True or False

FALSE

The Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine is infectious for humans (as well as the old strain 19 vaccine, which was infectious to the testes of bull calves)

Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine is not pathogenic for any species of animal

True or False?

TRUE

Animals infected with Brucella abortus are infected for life unless early and aggressive antimicrobial therapy is administered.

True or False?

TRUE

SYMMETRICAL weakness to flaccid paralysis occurs following infection.  The epitopes of lipopolysaccharide of organism mimic host neural tissue, causes host to make anti-bodies against it own neurons.

Guillian-Barre syndrome is currently thought to be associated with auto-immune antibody stimulated by ganglioside-like epitopes produced by Campylobacter jejuni

True or False

FALSE

Brucella melitensis is NOT found in the US, but is common in the Mediterranean, central Asia, Latin America, and Mexico. Primarily effects GOATS, but can be fatal in humans.

Brucella melitensis is widespread is US goat populations but exact prevalence figures are not known because there is no eradication program in place.

True or False

FALSE

Brachyspira pilosicoli is an organism all by itself, causing porcine intestinal spirochetosis. 

Both of these organisms are in the Order Spirochaetale.

Brachyspira pilosicoli is an old name for Leptospira interrogans.

True or False

TRUE

Pretty much the only thing Lyme, Connecticut has brought to us...

Lyme disease seems to be localized not only to specific regions of the US, but is also much more prevalent in specific sections of these regions.

True or False?

FALSE

There is no mentioned OspB in the reading material, and the OspA (a lipoprotein) vaccine is currently the better product, despite causing autoimmune reactions.

Im asking him about this and will update it...

OspA vaccines to prevent infection with Borrelia burgdorferi were recently replaced with vaccines containing OspB component

True or False

SORRY NEXT EXAM

Enterotoxemia

Overeating disease

Pulpy liver disease

What is the name of the disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in sheep?

Vibrio cholerae

It is the cause of severe diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps in humans. The diarrhea can result in tremendous fluid loss.

THRUSH

What is the name of the frog infection cause by Fusobacterium necrophorum and other bacteria?

TETANOSPASMIN

What is the name of the toxin that is produced by Clostridium tetani that produces clinical signs?

Mannheimia haemolytica

What is the most important bacterial agent that is involved in respiratory disease of cattle and sheep in the US?

Pasteurella multocida

What is the cause of Fowl Cholera?

Lawsonia intracellularis

What is the cause of proliferative enteritis in swine and horses?

Bordetella bronchiseptica

What is the organism that causes kennel cough in dogs?

Mannheimia haemolytica

Which orgnaism produces an RTX toxin that is specific for ruminant leukocytes and platelets?

Clostridium sordellii

Which organism is frequently involved in clostridial infections but does not cause a specific disease on its own?

Clostridium novyii type D

Which organism causes severe and often fatal hemolytic anemia in cattle and is often associated with migration of larvae of liver flukes?

Brucella canis

Which organism causes epididymitis and testicular atrophy in dogs? In the US is most common in large kennels.

Actinobacillus equuli

Which organism causes shigellosis or equulosis in foals?

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

& Fusobacterium necrophorum

What are two organisms that contribute to development of footrot in sheep but are not a cause of footrot in cattle?

Clostridium colinum

What is the cause of ulcerative enteritis or "quail disease" in avain species?

Clostridium difficile

What is the cause of mesocolonic edema resulting in diarrhea in neonatal pigs?

Tyzzer's Disease

What is the name of the disease caused by Clostridium piliforme in laboratory rodents?

Branhamella ovis

What is the Gram negative organism that is found in high numbers in bovine keratoconjunctivitis but is not the real cause of the disease?

UV light

Dust

Trauma from long stemmy grass

Face flies

Mycoplasma bovoculi

What are 3 common predisposing factors in infectious bovine keratinoconjunctivitis?

Septicemia

TEME (Throboembolic Meningioencephalitis)

Pneumonia

What are 2 MAJOR diseases caused by Haemophilus somnus in cattle?

Feeder lambs are on a high energy grain ration (older ewes are not), this provides the necessary environment for Clostridium perfringens type D that produces epsilon toxin

Why do we only see enterotoxemia in feeder lambs and NOT in breeding-age ewes?

TRUE

Pasteurella multocida capsular type A is most commonly seen as the cause of respiratory disease in mammals

True or False?

FALSE

Pasteurella multocida capsular type A causes fowl cholera.  Birds are effected as an acute septicemia, not respiratory.

Pasteurella multocida capsular type A is most commonly seen as a cause of respiratory disease in birds

True or False?

TRUE

Typical lesions of Tularemia in rabbits are small, necrotic granulomatous foci in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

True or False?

FALSE

The immune response to Fransciella tularensis cell mediated, making live attenuated vaccines the best prevention. The organism survive for a long time inside monocytes allowing for relapse.

Immunity to Tuleremia is primarily humoral and is readily generated in susceptible animals with immunization with killed bacterins

True or False?

TRUE

The pneumonic form in humans is if the organism is inhaled.

The typhoidal form is if the organism is ingested.

Tuleremia in humans can occur in pneumonic and thyoidial forms

True or False?

TRUE

Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei in ruminants, effecting the best of the herd (unusually fat rapid growing animals).  This lesion appears as black necrotic muscle with gas bubbles.

Blackleg usually effects cattle 6 months to 2 years of age but may effect older animals

True or False?

FALSE

There is a vaccine of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated from formalinized cultures. 

Black leg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei

The most common method for protecting cattle against blackleg is to give tetracycline in the feed until they are beyond 2 years of age

True or False?

TRUE

Clostridium novyi is normally present in low numbers in the liver, so would be an insignificant finding of liver culture.  The alpha is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and can be tested for in serum or tissue.

Black disease = infectious necrotic hepatitis

Diagnosis of Black Disease in sheep is dependent upon demonstrating the presence of alpha toxin of Clostridium novyi in effected tissues or serum.

True or False?

FALSE

In the US, it is only a problem in feral swine, but it occurs commonly in most swine-raising countries.

2004 question 39

Brucella suis is only a problem in feral swine in the US.

True or False?

TRUE

The other species are more localized:
Brucella abortus - placenta, epididymus (cattle), liver (humans)

Brucella canis - epididymus, testes

Brucella suis causes a more generalized infection than other species

True or Flase

TRUE

Brucella suis is a problem in reindeer in Alaska

True or False?

FALSE

Brucella maris is the proposed name of a Brucella species that has been isolated in marine mammals.

Include: B. pinnipediae and B. cetaceae

Brucella maris has been associated in a high number of infections in mares in the US.

True or False?

FALSE

Although Brucella abortus IS nearly eradicated in the US, calfhood vaccination (as well as blood testing, and culling of positive cattle) is part of the STATE-FEDERAL cooperative control program. 

The vaccine used is the LIVE RB51. 

With near eradication in the US it is not necessary to vaccinate calves against Brucella abortus.

True or False?

FALSE

The Ring Test is part of the STATE-FEDERAL COOPERATIVE CONTROL PROGRAM in the US, which requires each dairy herd to be tested 3 times per year.

With near eradication of Brucella abortus in the US, we no longer require the ring test on dairy herds.

True or False?

FALSE

Brucella melitensis causes the most signifcant disease in humans. Typically asymptomatic in the primary host of goats, it can often be FATAL in humans who have consumed unpasteurized milk.

Brucella abortus is the species of Brucella that causes the most significant disease in humans.

True or False?

TRUE

Brucella abortus can localize in the liver, lymph nodes and bone and remain in these sites for years.

True or False

FALSE

Brucella melitensis is typically asymptomatic - mild in infected goats, but when infected, unpasteurized milk is consumed by humans it can be FATAL.

Brucella melitensis usually causes severe disease in infected goats.

True or False?

TRUE

The Strain 19 and the newer RB51 vaccine both cause infections of the testes and should not be administered to bull calves.

Bull calves are not vaccinated against Brucella abortus because it causes orchitis.

True or False?

TRUE

The strains of Dichelobacter nodosus that can cause ovine footrot are obligate parasites of the hooves of sheep and will not survive more than a few days in the environment, even under ideal conditions.

True or False?

FALSE**

The immune mediated response against Dichelobacter nodosus in ovine footrot is primarily cell mediated.

True or False?

Somatic antigens

Capsular antigens

The systems for typing Pasteurella multocida are based on what two antiges?

Mannheimia haemolytica

Which organism causes the gangernous mastitis known as "Blue Bag" in sheep?

Pasteurella multocida

What is the most common cause of chronic respiratory tract infections in commerical and laboratory rabbits?

Bibersteinia trehalosi

What organism has been associated with severe respiratory disease in dairy cattle, especially in the Northwestern US, and septicemia in lambs?

Campylobacter jejuni

What is the cause of severe enteritis in humans and late term abortion in sheep?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Which obligate anaerobe is often found in post-martem metritis of dairy cattle?

FOWL CHOLERA

What is the name of the disease caused by Pasteurella multocida in chickens, turkeys, ducks and other birds?

FOWL CORYZA

What is the common name for the disease caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum in chickens?

Lawsonia intracellularis

What organism causes proliferative enteritis in foals?

Vibrio cholerae

What organism causes disease pandemics initially asssociated with undercooked shellfish?

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Which halophilic organism causes moderate to severe enterocolitis in association with infected shellfish?

EPSILON TOXIN

What is the primary toxin associated with enterotoxemia in feeder lambs?

A - Abortus

M - Melitensis

R - Rough

What are the A, M, and R antigens of Brucella?

This toxin has an A-B structure.

The A subunit enters the intestinal epithelial cell,

acts as a adenylate cyclase.

What is the mechanism of action in Cholera toxin?

1) Too many fibrial types that would need to be included in vaccine.

2) Limited antibody is present in the area of lesions, until lesions are severe.

What are two reasons why the vaccine against ovine footrot has limited efficacy?

C) Bibersteinia trehalosi produces a RTX toxin that is toxic SPECIFICALLY to ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

Fransciella tularensis - no mention of toxins

Clostridium septicum - produces 4 toxins, none described, but produce edema

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - produces 3 RTX toxins but against SWINE

Histophilus somni - effects ruminants, mainly produces ENDOTOXIN

Which of the following organisms produces an RTX toxin that is toxic to ruminant leukocytes and platelets?

A) Fransciella tularensis

B) Clostridium septicum

C) Bibersteinia trehalosi

D) Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

E) Histophilus somni

The most common method for diagnosing Tuleremia is an E) Agglutination test on patient serum.

This organism is difficult to grow on isolation, and biochemical indentification is difficult and hazardous.

ALSO, fluorescent antibody test can be used to identify the organism itself.

What is the most common method for diagnosing Tularemia?

A) Culture of lymph node aspirate and blood, followed by biochemical idenification in the lab.

B) Observation of clinical signs and hostory of contact with ticks or rabbits.

C) Innoculation of guinea pig and observation of clinical signs

D) Response to specific therapy

E) Agglutination test on patient serum

Actinobacter species C) are commonly resistant to available antibiotics.

Actinobacter species typically causes tissue infections, septicemia, enteritis, respiratory disease.

Not a disease of goats.

Actinobacter species:

A) Are some of the most common urinary tract pathogens

B) Are most commonly involved in meningitis in goats
C) Are commonly resistant to available antibiotics

D) All of the above
E) None of the above

TRUE

Several sertypes are needed to cause disease in sheep and goats which includes septicemia in newbrons, pneumonia in adults, and mastitis (BLUE BAG) in sheep.

The disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica in sheep and goats is caused by many serotypes of the organism.

True or Flase?

FALSE

The habitat of Fransciella tularensis is within ticks and in wild rodents and rabbits that all act as reservoirs. 

Disease primarily occurs in rabbits and humans.

Fransciella tularensis is commonly found in the oropharynx of cats and is readily transferred in bit wounds.

True or False?

It is under control in the US, and is not found in the general population.  There are strict regulations on importing, and horses must have 2 negative tests.

Taylorella equigenitalis has been eradicated from the US but is present in many other countries that ship horses to the US.

True or False?

FALSE

Although this organism is isolated to the reproductive tract causing contagious equine metritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, and endometritis this organism DOES NOT CAUSE ABROTION.

Taylorella equigenitalis is a common cause of abortion in horses.

True or False?

TRUE

Bovine foot rot is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and this organism has miminal to no invasive capabilities but can enter and multiply in damaged tissues. Typical lesions have a FOUL ODOR.

Bovine footrot requires some sort of damage to the foot because the main causitive organism is not highly evasive.

True or False?

FALSE

Contagious Ovine Footrot, typically caused as by an injury + invasion of Fusobacterium necrophorum then infection with Dictelobacter nodosus, is a rapidly spreading disease.  The disease is both severe and difficult to eliminate and treat.

Ovine footrot tends to be a rather mild disease and is not a big problem in flocks that have it.

True or False?

FALSE

Calves vaccinated with RB51 are serologically negative for Brucella on standard testing, which includes the card test.

If the Card test for Brucella abortus is positive, it usually means the animals was vaccinated with RB51 when the animal was too old.

True or False?

TRUE

Brucella abortus has been eliminated from almost all of the US

B. melitensis, B. ovis, canis and maris do not typically occur in cattle.

The incidence of Bovine Bruceolisis is very low in the US, but when it does occur Brucella suis is the most common agent involved.

True or False?

TRUE

A positive RSAT (rapid slide agglutination test) for canine brucellosis should be repeated id the dog's serum has been treated with a reducing agent to destroy cross-reactive IgM antibodies.

True or False?

FALSE

Brucella canis does NOT typically present with clinical signs.  In humans, there have been relatively rare and mild infections.

Most dogs infected with Brucella canis have no clinical signs of infection but infection in humans is commonly severe and fatal.

True or False?

TRUE

Brucella pinnipediae and Brucella cetaceae are lumped into the category Brucella maris and are the appearent cause of abortion in marine mammals.

The names Brucella pinnipediae and Brucella cetaceae have been proposed as the names for Brucella species found in marine mammals.

True or False?

FALSE

Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus is best diagnosed by characteristic liver lesions, or smears from cotyledon and stomach contents.

Diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection is best accomplished by direct examination of fetal membranes or detection of antibody in serum.

True or False?

FALSE

clearing of the uterus by IgA is a mechanism assocaited with Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis. IgG would be the antibody to clear the organism from the uterus and oviducts.

The role of IgA antibody in Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection is to clear it from the uterus.

True or False?

FALSE

Campylobacter species are all transmitted from feces to oral, and are inhabitants of the intestinal tract.

This is except for C. fetus subspecies fetus which is spread venereally and lives in the genatalia.

Campylobacter species are almost always transmitted venereally.

True or False?

TRUE *** i copied down false 2003

The cytotoxin of Maxorella bovis/bovoculi is an RTX toxin that lyse corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils.  Extensive ocular damage is caused by the neutrophilic degrading enzymes being released.

The cytotoxin of Maxorella bovis/Maxorella bovoculi is a cytotoxin that lyses corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils.

True or False?

CAUSE: Clostridium septicum

HOST: cattle, horses, humans and others

What is the most common cause and host of MALIGNANT EDEMA?

Clostridium perfringens type A

What is the cause of Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in adult dairy cattle?

MILD ENTERITIS

What major lesion caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in PIGS?

Clostridium perfringens type C

What causes enterotoxemia in pigs?

Clostridium novyi type B

Host: Sheep

What organism causes Black disease, and what is the primary host?

HOST: Primarily CATTLE

DISEASE: EARLY embryonic death and infertility

What species does Campylobacter fetus subspecies verenealis commonly effect, and what are the typical lesions seen?

Clostridium botulinum

What causes FLACCID PARALYSIS in WATERFOWL?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

What organism causes THRUSH in HORSES?

Clostridium difficile

What organism causes MESOCOLONIC EDEMA in SWINE?

Dichelobacter nodosus

What organism causes foot rot in sheep?

Brucella melitensis

What organism causes brucellosis in goats?

Bordetella pertussis

HOST: HUMANS

What causes the disease PERTUSSIS and what species is effected?

Bordetella avium

What causes Rhinotracheitis in turkey poults?

Fransciella tularensis biovar tularensis

What causes Tuleremia in cottontail rabbits?

Lesions/Diseases: QUAIL'S DISEASE, ulcerative colitis

HOST: Quails, many other bird species

What lesions or diseases are caused by Clostridium colinum and what host(s) are effected ?

 Normal flora of bovine UPPER respiratory tract + Stress → entry to LOWER respiratory tract → pneumonia

→ enters monocytes → carried to bloodstream

→ joints, pericardium (SEPTICEMIA)

= Endotoxin → apoptosis vascular endothelium → TEME

= Fc receptor protein → release of GMP, adenine, guanine → inhibited phagosome/lysosome function → inhibited host immune function

What is the pathogenesis of Haemophilus somni?

Spread via water → infects trachea of turkey poults →

damage to cilliated epithelium → secondary invaders enter respiratory tract (E. coli) → toxins and virulence factors released like Histamine sensitizing factor

What is the pathogenesis of BORDETELLOSIS in TURKEY POULTS?

The PRIMARY HOST is YOUNG HUMANS,

and older vaccines were composed of type B polysaccharide antigen, that humans less than 2-3 yo could not build an immune response against.

Why do older versions of the Haemophilus influenza

type B vaccine fail to be useful in protecting the primary age group effected by this organism?

The most common source of botulinum toxin in horses comes from small animals being baled in hay.

The organism is in the normal intestinal flora and is released with decay, toxins are produced, and consumed by the horse.

What is the common source of Botulinum toxin in horses?

Clostridium difficile

This organism is associated with enteric infections of primarily horses and humans as a result of notmal flora destruction by antimicrobial therapy.

What is a Clostridium organism that causes enteric infections subsequent to antimicrobial therapy?

Bordetella bronchiseptica

This can be transmitted between cats and dogs in the same household, and vaccinations are recommended in shelters, kennels and catteries.

What organism causes rhinitis, tracheobronchitis, and sometimes pneumonia in cats (most likely associated with a viral agent)?

Clostridium colinum

Causing Quail disease or ulcerative enteritis that is transmitted orally.

Which organism causes ulcerative enteritis in the lower 1/3 of intestines in a variety of wild and domestic birds?

Brucella ovis

What is the cause of contagious epididymitis in rams, and abortion and fertility in ewes?

Campylobacter jejuni

What organism causes abortion in sheep and enteritis in humans?

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Causes WOODEN TONGUE in cattle, occurs primarily in soft tissue and causes granulomatous abscesses and granules of the bacteria are found in these as causes by their cementing gylcocalyx.

What facultative anaerobic organism that causes granulomatous, tumor-like lesions in the head and neck area of cattle?

Haemophilus paragallinarum

The cause of FOWL CHORYZA in chickens

What organism causes acute inflammation of the nasal turbinates, acute air sacculitis, swelling of the head and wattles, decreased food intake and marked loss in egg production in egg-laying hens?

Taylorella equigenitalis

Very difficult to culture, and will only make pinpoint colonies.  Spread venereally, and causes CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS.

Which difficult to culture organism that is venereally but which has been virtually eradicated from the US horse population?

Bordetella pertussis

Obligate anaerobe causing WHOOPING COUGH in humans

Which organism causes tracheobronchitis and chronic paroxysmal coughing and toxemia in humans?  It is most damaging to infants under 1 year of age.

Clostridium septicum

Causes disease in various species that includes pitted edema which results in malignant edema.  This is primarily assocaited with wound invasion, and can be a secondary agent in blackleg.

What organism causes pitted edema and occasionally infects wounds?

Clostridium piliformae

This organism causes hepatic necrosis and enteritis in laboratory rodents called TYZZER's DISEASE.  This occurs primarily in younger, stressed animals.

Which organism causes enteritis and focal hepatic necrosis in laboratory rodents?

GUILLIAN - BARRE syndrome

This often symmetrical paralysis is associated with infection with Campylobacter jejuni. The ganglioside-like epitopes of endotoxin that mimic host neural tissue. This causes an autoimmune response against neurons. 

What is the name of the syndrome involving flaccid paralysis subsuquent to infection with Campylobacter jejuni.

Haemophilus influenza and Neisseria menigiditis

Neisseria is the PRIMARY cause of human meningitis, effect adults

Haemophilus is the leading cause of INFANT bacterial meningitis

What are the two main causes of bacterial meningitis in humans?

Clostridium novyi Type B and Clostridium haemolyticum (novyi Type D)

What are two organisms that cause disease in ruminants that is assocaited with swampy areas and liver fluke migration?

Fransciella tularensis

Which organism usually enters via a wound, tick bite or conjunctiva of humans? It spreads through the regional lymph nodes to the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymhoid tissue, forming granulomatous nodules that tend to ulcerate.

Clostridium botulinum

The main cause of forage poisoning in horses - specifically from baled up animals decomposing and releasing C. botulinum from intestines.

What is the cause of forage poisoning in horses?

Brucella canis

Dogs often have NO clinical signs, and may present with generalized lymphadenitis, splenitis, embryonic death and UNILATERAL testicular atrophy

What is a cause of persistant bacteremia, epididymitis, and testicular atrophy in dogs?

NAD

What is the substance that is supplied to some Haemophilus species by a Staphylococcus nurse colony?

RB51 vaccine

What vaccine is currently used to prevent brucellosis in cattle?

Clostridium perfringens Type D

EPSILON TOXIN

Causes "overeating disease/ pulpy kidney disease" in sheep (enterotoxemia)

The Spsilon toxin is activated by cleavage of prototoxin by trypsin, and has permease activity to enahnce its absorption.  There are receptors in vascular endothelium of brain which causes liquefactive necrosis, edema and hemorrhage

Which clostridial toxin produces liquefactive necrosis, edema and hemorrhage in the brains of sheep?

LEUKOTOXIN

This toxin is potent against neutrophils, macrophages, and hepatocytes by inducing apoptosis at low concentrations, and lyses them at higher concentrations.

What is the major toxin in infections with Fusobacterium necrophorum?

Brucella melitensis

In prevalent in Mexico, often associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk, causing severe disease to fatality.

Although Brucella abortus also effects humans by causing uldulant fever, but is less severe.

What is the most pathogenic species of Brucella for humans?

Brucella abortus

It also is the primary cause of abortion in cattle.

What is the cause of undulant fever in humans?

RING TEST

This is used to detect immunoglobulins in milk and is run 3 times a year on dairy herds as part of State-Federal cooperative control program in the US.

What is the test that is used to screen milk samples for Brucella abortus in infected cows?

It is difficult to ISOLATE, easy to grow on culture.

Also the clinical presentation is very characteristic of Fusobacterium necrophorum.

Why do we NOT routinely preform bacterial cultures for Fusobacterium necrophorum?

Fowl cholera (acute septicemia) - Capsular type A  - birds

Cat and Dog bite wounds - Type D - Cats and dogs

Hemorrhagic septicemia - B&E - bison, cattle, water buffalo

What are the three diseases in which Pasteurella multocida is NOT a primary respiratory tract antigen? What are the capsular types and hosts involved?

The leukotoxin of Mannheimia haemolytica is toxic for ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

In low concentrations it causes inhibiton of leukocytes.

In high concentrations it causes lysis of leukocytes and releases hydrolytic enzymes from neutrophils.

By what mechanism does the leukotoxin of Mannheimia haemolytica causes a marked inflammatory reaction in pulmonary tissues?

Why are some clostridial immunizing products toxoids and some formalinized whole cells?

DESCENDING TETANUS

Wound → organism enters as SPORE → germination of spores → production of tetanospasmin →

absorption into BLOOD AND LYMPH →

acts as protease & blocks neurotransmittor release →

 first nerves effected are those most sensitive of the head and neck @ level of spinal cord / brain stem →

LOCKJAW → respiratory muscles then effected

What is the pathogenesis of descending tetanus?

POLYVALENT ANTITOXIN

Clostridium botulinum has many types of toxins.

To produce an antitoxin that is inclusive of all toxin strains → hyperimmunize a horse with toxoids of all the main types of toxins

Then TITER to make sure you have adequate serum antibody against ALL toxins

Then COMBINE different antibodies to produce a POLYVALENT antitoxin

How is a Clostridium botulinum polyvalent antitoxin generated?

TRUE

Calves do not maintain infections, but adults (both male and female) carry the organism for life.  Cows can shed the organism post partuition.

Young calves do not usually maintain infection with Brucella abortus.

True or False?

TRUE

In the US, brucellosis in cattle is now more commonly caused by Brucella suis than by Brucella abortus.

True or False?

FALSE

It causes coryza in turkey poults, which is a rhinotracheoitis.

Kennel cough is associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in dogs that causes a tracheobronchitis.

Bordetella avium causes "kennel cough" in turkeys.

True or False?

FALSE

It is most often seen during periods of wet weather and is associated with transportation. Infection typically occurs 2-4 weeks after shipment.

Thromboembolitic meningioencephalitis (TEME) in feedlot cattle is usually seen in the spring and summer and is associated with a change in diet.

True or False?

TRUE

Both Mannheimia haemolytica and Bibersteinia trehalosi produce a similar RTX class leukotoxin (pore forming cytolysin) the is specifially toxic for ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

In low concentrations it inhibits function.

In high concentrations it lyses cells.

Essentially all serotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica and Bibersteinia trehalosi produce the same leukotoxin.

True or False?

FALSE

PIGS are NOT effected by Bibersteinia trehalosi  because the leukotoxin is specific for ruminant leukocytes and platelets ONLY>

Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs are the major domestic animal species effected by Bibersteinia trehalosi.

True or False?

FALSE

It can also cause septicemia in feeder lambs, where entry is gained via esophagus.

Bibersteinia trehalosi causes only respiratory disease in domestic animals. 

True or False?

TRUE

Mannheimia haemolytica type A2 is commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of normal cattle.

True or False?

TRUE

Most adult cattle haev antibody to Fusobacterium necrophorum

Most cattle sent to slaughter in the US have antibody against the organism that causes foot rot in cattle.

True or False?

TRUE

Most adult cattle have antibody to Fusobacterium necrophorum, although a vaccine is available to limit liver abscesses. 

Most feeder cattle going to slaughter in the US have antibody to the organism that causes liver abscesses.

True or False?

TRUE

Actinobacillus equuli is often found in the joints of foals causing the lamness associated with Sleep foal syndrome. Other lesions include purulent nephritis and kidney abscesses. 

Actinobacillus equuli frequently infects leg joints of foals with "sleepy foal syndrome".

True or False?

TRUE

Vaccinations in mares has been shown to be of benefit in preventing sleepy foal syndrome but treatment of foals with hyperimmune antisera is not effective.

True or False?

TRUE

It is also a disease of high health status swine, and the disease is more severe in older pigs.

Clinical disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are usually most severe in endemically infected herds of swine.

True or False?

FALSE

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes exudative and proliferative bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis.

Haemophilus parasuis causes polyserositis, arthritis and meningitis.

The clinical disease and lesions caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are almost indistinguishable from those caused by Haemophilus parasuis.

True or False?

FALSE 

The causative agent is Haemophilus paragallinarum.  Treatment is not usually preformed and control is maintained by depopulation. 

The best control mechanism for fowl coryza is to maintain the birds on therapeutic level of tetracycline in their rations for at least 3 weeks and then closely monitor their health for a month after.

True or False?

FALSE

SHEEP - Campylobacter jejuni

CATTLE - Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis and fetus

Histophilus somni is a major causative agent in abortion of cattle and sheep in the US.

True or False?

TRUE

Endotoxin is the major toxin, and the O-Ag side chain (LOS) lacks complexity, which induces apoptosis of endothelial cells.

Endotoxin is thought to be the major toxin of Histophilus somni involved in disease production.

True or False?

TRUE

Systemic infections with Histophilus somni in feedlot cattle usually occur 2 -4 weeks after shipment and are more common in cold, wet weather.

True or False?

FALSE

Contagious equine metritis is caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Immunity of mares to this is poor and they often relapse.

The immune system response to contagious equine metritis is relatively good and mares and stallions will usually clear the infection in 3-4 weeks.

True or False?

TRUE

Both species are not invasive under normal circumstances.  Occurs in cattle especialyl in summer and fall, predispoing factors include dust, UV light,  and face flies.

Maxorella bovis and Maxorella bovoculi are not considered to be very invasive species under normal circumstances.

True or False?

FALSE

Fransciella tularensis biovar palaeartica is typically found in Russia and is known as the "beaver strain". The most prevalent strain in the US is biovar tularensis. 

Most of the cases of tuleremia in the US are cause by biovar palaeartica.

True or False?

FALSE

ONLY RTX class cytolytic toxins form pores in target cell membranes.

Essentially all cytolytic toxins act by forming pores in target cell membranes.

True or False?

FALSE

Equine manure should not be used to fertilize gardens because it markedly increases the chances of the gardener getting tetanus.

True or False?

TRUE

subspecies necrophorum is more virulent to cattle, and produces higher amounts of leukotoxin.

Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies funduliforme is more important in human disease than in diseases of domestic animals.

True or False?

FALSE

Campylobacter jejuni is the cause of sheep abortions, and cannot be prevented using antibiotics in feed.

Campylobacter abortions can easily be prevented by placing ewes on feed grade antibiotics beginning 6 weeks prior to lambing.

True or False?

TRUE

Campylobacter abortions in sheep can at least partly be prevented by vaccinating ewes during the early part of gestation.

True or False?

FALSE

It only seems to produce disease in humans, resulting in enteritis.  It is carried in the intestinal tract of pigs, but doesnt seem to produce disease in them.

Campylobacter coli is a relatively common cause of disease in both domestic animals and humans.

True or False?

TRUE/FALSE

According to our notes - it is transmitted from pig intestinal flora to humans. But th eexam exam from 2006 (#61) claims that this is false.

Campylobacter coli is thought to be transmitted to humans through normal intestinal flora of pigs.

True or False?

TRUE

Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis can be spread through semen.

It is important to identify the species of any Campylobacter species found in the semen of bulls bound for export.

True or False?

TRUE

Brucella abortus can cause sterility but as sequelae to epididymitis and orchitis.

Brucella suis is more likely to cause sterility in swine than any other Brucella species in their main hosts.

True or False?

TRUE

These are both under the grouping of Brucella maris

Brucella pinnipediae and Brucella cetaceae are proposed names of organisms that cause abortions in marine mammals.

True or False?

E) HAEMOPHILUS PARASUIS does not have an RTX class cytotoxin

Maxorella bovis  has a RTX cytotoxin that lyses corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has 3 RTX toxins

Mannheimia haemolytica has a leukotoxin against ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

Actinobacillus suis has Apx1 and Apx2 RTX cytotoxins

Which of the following organisms does NOT have an RTX toxin that is important in disease production?

A) Maxorella bovis

B) Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

C) Mannheimia haemolytica

D) Actinobacillus suis

E) Haemophilus parasuis

Clostridium perfringens type A does NOT cause

A) Malignant edema.

Malignant edema is caused by Clostridium septicum.

Which of the following is NOT caused by or associated with Clostridium perfringens type A?

A) Malignant edema

B) Yellow lamb disease

C) Enteritis in neonatal pigs

D) Gangrene in humans

E) Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in some diary cattle

When isolating Bordetella bronchiseptica it is best to use MacConkeys agar with 1% dextrose because A) it is one fo the few organisms that grows on MacConkeys and does NOT ferment dextrose or lactose.

MacConkey's agar with 1% dextrose is useful in isolating Bordetella bronchiseptica from nasal swabs because:

A) It is one of the few organisms that grow on MacConkeys and does NOt ferment dextrose or lactose

B) It is one of the few organisms in the nasal passage of pigs that grows on MacConkeys

C) It produces a green colony that is characteristic of this organism

D) All of the above

E) None of the above

Turkey poults can be partially protected against rhinotracheitis (coryza) by D) All of the Above.

The cause of of turkeu poult coryza is Bordetella avium and it is routinely protected against by:

Maternal immunization in breeder hens

Antibiotics to newly hatched poults

Chlorination and sanitation of water

Turkey poults can be partially protected against rhinotracheitis (coryza) by:

A) Vaccinating the breeder hen turkeys so that antibody is passed to the egg.

B) Injecting all poults shortly after hatching

C) Keeping the water fountains cleared out and the water adequately cholrinated

D) All of the above

E) None of the above

Pink eye vaccines in cattle protect by E) None of the above

Pink eye is caused Moraxella bovoculi/bovis and the antibody response in tears (which would be IgA) is not highly protective.

Vaccines against Moraxella bovoculi/bovis are fimbrial, and only reduce severity of disease.

In order to properly protect cattle, pink eye vaccines:

A) Need to stimulate IgM antibody production against multiple fimbrial strains

B) Need to stimulate IgA antibody production against the Ag-O antigen of M. bovis

C) Need to stimulate IgG antibody production against the cytotoxin/hemolysin

D) All of the above

E) None of the above

Brucella species should be rerun after serum is treated with reducing agent because

C) the reducing agent breaks up non-specific IgM that could have been formed against other bacterial antigens similar to Brucella.

Serologic test for some Brucella species have to be rerun after treating an animals serum with a reducing agent because:

A) The reducing agent clarifies the serum so test result can be seen

B) The reducing agent breaks up non-specific IgG that could have formed against other bacterial antigens that are similar to those found in Brucella species

C) The reducing agent breaks up non-specific IgM that could have been formed against other bacterial antigens that are similar to those found in Brucella species

D) All of the above          E) None of the above

Contagious foot rot in sheep is A) most common during wet season. 

Chances of Contagious foot rot in sheep in increased during periods of extended wet weather. 

The causing bacteria Dichtelobacter nodosus is difficult to eliminate from a flock involving;

Putting sheep on clean pasture, paring away necrotic areas, foot bath (which cannot be easy with sheep..), and topical sprays.

Contagious foot rot in sheep:

A) is most common during wet season

B) Is most common in arid areas where sheep have to forage over large distances and are more prone to foot trauma.

C) Can be easily eradicated from a flock of sheep with a single, relatively simple foot bath

D) Only A and C above

E) Only B and C above

Treatment of Brucella canis is not recommended because A) it is difficult to completely clear and they remain carriers for life.

Euthanization is recommended for positive animals, and can be placed on antibiotics but owners should be warned that even long term antibiotics have equivocal results.

Treatment of dogs infected with Brucella canis is not usually recommended because:

A) It is difficult to completely clear the organism from the dogs and they ferquently remain carriers for life.

B) The organism is resistant to most antibiotics

C) The dogs are usually very debilitated due to the infection and do not respond well to treatment.

D) The dog can develop neurological signs following development of brain lesions and can become aggressive

E) Only A and C above

Legionella pneumophila

What is the causative agent of Legionaire's disease?

Actinobacillus suis

What is the cause of acute, fatal septicemia in 1-8 week old piglets, and pneumonia, arthritis and subcutaneous abscesses in older swine?

Calf Diptheria

Foot Rot

Liver Abscesses

Metritis

What diseases of CATTLE are caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum?

Clostridium botulinum

Most often from small mammals getting baled into hay, as natural flora of intestines it thrives when the animal deteriorates then horses comsume the infective hay.

What organism causes forage poisoning in horses?

Clostridium perfringens type A

What is the cause of Yellow Lamb Disease?

Clostridium perfringens type A

What Clostridial organism has been recently associated with mild diarrhea syndrome in piglets 1-30 days of age?

Clostridium difficle

What is the cause of mesocolonic edema in pigs 1-7 days of age?

ENTEROTOXEMIA

Overeating disease

Pulpy kidney disease

What disease in sheep is caused by Clostridium perfringens type D?

Clostridium chauvoei

Which causes BLACKLEG the term associated with the gas producing necrotic lesions.

What is the cause of large necrotic lesions of cattle that are characterized by large amounts of gas?

Clostridium hemolyticum

This disease is termed REDWATER DISEASE or Bacillary Hemoglobinuria, because of the blood in urine.

Disease assocaited with swampy areas and liver fluke migration.

What organism produces a toxin that causes massive intravascular hemolysis and capillary damage resulting in high mortality of cattle?

Brucella suis

Can also effect other species such as humans, dogs, horses, rodents, and more.

Although only a problem in the US among feral swine, it is still found in most-swine raising countries.

What is the species of Brucella that is of major concern in feral swine and reindeer?

Campylobacter jejuni

Most associated with undercooked or mishandled poultry, and can spread through the chilling step of poultry processing.

What is the number one cause of food borne bacterial disease in the world?

BRUCELLA MILK RING TEST

Used to detect immunoglobulinin milk from a bulk tank, as part of the State-Federal cooperation control program in the US.

What is the test that is run to detect Brucella antibodies on Diary herds three times a year as regulated in the US?

Brucella canis

Lacking A and M antigens. This organism causes generalized disease in dogs, often showing no clinical signs.  Few cases have been seen in human lab workers.

What organism is associated with large puppy mills in the US and is of major concern because it causes infections in humans?

CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS

and

LEUKOTOXIN

Both components are needed to produce an adequate immunizing agent, because Leukotoxin alone failed to provide protection.

What are the two most important components of Mannheimia haemolytica that are targeted to produce an effective immunizing agent?

Haemophilus paragallinarum

Occurs in CHICKENS causing acute inflammation of turbinates, acute air sacculitis, sneezing, conjunctivitis, swelling of head and wattles, decreased food intake and marked loss of egg production!

When this occurs in turkey poults it is caused by Bordetella avium.

What is the cause of FOWL CORYZA?

Pasteurella multocida type A

This is one of the few NON respiratory diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida.

What is the cause of FOWL CHOLERA?