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| A large molecule made of repeating subunits is called a.... |
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| The pH of blood is often slightly basic. What is the appropriate pH for blood? |
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| The precursor of testosterone |
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| The difference between Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysacchrides are? |
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Mono = 1 structure sugar
Di = 2 structure sugar with a 1-4 or 1-2 glycosidic bond
Poly = Many structured sugar with a 1-4 glycosidic bond |
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| An example of each kind of -saccharides and explain the function. |
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Mono = Glucose: Building block of everything
Di = Maltose: Sugar used in Malt beer
Poly = Starch: Plant storage sugar insoluble |
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| State the empirical formula of glucose: |
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| Which Monomers make up the different macromolecules? |
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| Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, and Deoxyribose |
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Plant Storage Molecule Insoluble therefore cells don't fill up with water Mixture of amylose and amylopectin |
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| Difference between amylose and amylopectin? |
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Amylose - Poly, 1-4, bond & is a straight chain Amylopectin - Poly, 1-4, glucose bond & 4% of 1-6 branches, open structure & can be broken down easily |
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Similar to amylopectin---->1-4 glucose bonds & 9% 1-6 branches Found in muscle & liver of animals B/c highly branched it can be broken down easily & quickly for energy |
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| Poly 1-4 glucose (β-Glucose) |
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| What are the different fatty acids? |
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Trans - TFA Saturated - SFA Monosaturated - MUFA Polysaturated - PUFA |
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Made up of glycerol & fatty acids -----> Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids |
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Polar ends, non-polar tail, always even # of C's R-COO bond Saturated all H+ are there ----> straight chain, high melting point
Unsaturated has = bonds ----> bent chain, low melting point |
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Has ApoB protein HDL & LDL ---> high ratio of HDL to LDL is good Cis is easier to breakdown then Trans b/c limited steric hinderence |
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1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Avids & a phosphate group Polar hydrophilic head & a nonpolar hydrophobic tail |
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| Formed when mixed with water w/ heads facing the water & tail facing each other[image] |
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| Double layered phospholipid by layer[image] |
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Formed from fatty acids & long chain alcohols Found where water proofing is needed |
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Small Hydrophobic molecules found in plants Vitamen A, carotene & plant oils such as geranoil, camphor menthol |
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Small hudrophobic molecules found in animals Include cholestrol ----> Decreases stiffness Bile salts ----> help emulsify dietary fats...testosterone, estrogen, progestrone, & cortisol Vitamen D ---> aids Ca2+ uptake in bones |
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Group of amino aids form polypeptides & held together by peptide bonds Similarities all contain ---> Amino Group, Carboxyli group, Alkyl group, Alpha carbon Differences ---> Different R Groups, structuaral formula, different functions |
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| What are the classifications of Amino Acids? |
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| Polar, Nonpolar, Electrically Charged |
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A zwitterion is an amino acid with 3 polymers that have high, low , or neutral pH. These are important b/c they level out the pH in our bodies, without them our cells would become disfunctional. [image] |
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Formed through condensation polymerisation reaction [image] |
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| What are the structures of a protein? |
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Definition
| Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quatrenary |
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| Define Protein Primary Structure |
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Definition
Straight chain/sequence of amino acids & determines rest of protein structure Process of determining primary structure is amino acid sequencing Insulin = 1st protein to sequenced |
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| Define Secondary Protein Structure |
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Definition
Basic level of polypeptide foling ---> helix held together by H+ bond b/w carboxyl group & nitrogen group α helix ---> very stable b/c of hydrogen bonds β pleated sheets ---> zig zags |
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| Define Protein Teriary Structure |
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Globular structure ---> folding up of a whole polypeptide chain Caused by bonding of R groups Every protein has difference tertiary structure Ionic, H, & disulfide/covalent bonding |
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| Define Quarternary Protien Structure |
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More than one polypeptide Either globular, filaments or both Actin, Tubulin, Immunoglobin, Hemoglobin |
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| What is specific about the secondary structure and the tertiary? |
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Secondary - Independent b/c if backbone interactions ---> all the same Tertiary - Independent b/c it deals with side chain interaction and amino acid sequencing |
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Catabolic - chemical reaction that break down substances Ananbolic - Chemical reactions that build up substances |
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Process of attahing a phosphate group to an organic molecule [image] |
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Oxidation --> when atom loses an electron Reduction --> when atom gains an electron Reducing agent get oxidized Oxidizing agent get reduced |
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| What are the unique properties of water and how does its structure allow for these properties? |
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Solvent : B/c its charged = good solvent Cohesion : Water Molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds = Trees sucking up water Adhesion : Water forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules = Capillary action Specific Heat Capacity : Take 4.2 j's of energy to heat 1g of water Density: Solid state is less dense than liquid Latent heat of vaporization : Water requires lots of energy to change states (liquid to gas), made use as a colling mechanism...sweating/panting Latent heat of fusion : Water requires lots of energy to change states (solid to liquid), must lose alot of heat to change state |
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Protein catalyst --> speeds up reaction w/o being consumed P/t & Temperature --> Affect wnzyme activity Cofactor --> Inorganic substances Coenzymes --> Organic substances |
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3 Main Parts Phosphoric Acid Deoxyribose/Sugar Nitrogen Base |
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Purines --> 2 rings of carbon & a nitrogen atom Guanine and Adenine (G,A) Pyrimidines --> 1 ring of carbon & a nitrogen atom Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (C,T,U) |
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| Show Complimentary Base Pairings |
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Purine ------------ Pyrimidines A ------------ T 2H Bonding G ------------ C 3H Bonding |
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Double stranded --> 2 polynucleotides running anti parallel Double Helix --> 2 Strands run around each other Hydrogen Bonding --> joins 2 strands together b/w bases --> forms base pairs Complimentary base pairs --> Base pairs are specific |
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