Under compression

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Mammoth-bone Houses

-Ukraine

-Paleolithic Period

-Made of out bones, pine poles, animal hides

-Had hearths

-Floors coloured with ochre (natural mineral)

-Up to 10 together

Lascaux Cave

-France

-Paleolithic Period

-Animals painted on ceiling might have been historical record of hunts/initiation/protection

*-Example of decorating environment

Jericho, Israel 

-Neolithic

-Fortification wall with ditch and tower (made of stone)

-Ditch cut into rock

-Monumental Architecture

-Towers on inside of wall used for observation/important royalty

*-Jericho is known for WALLS not ARCHITECTURE

Catal Huyuk

Turkey

-Neolithic

-Sun-dried mudbrick walls

-Single store w/ 2 rooms, no doorways

-Walls coated with plaster and paint

-Evidence for religious areas w/in houses

-Intramural burial under floors

Newgrange "Passage Grave"

Ireland

-Neolithic

-Megalithic architecture w/ corbeling

-Emphasis on front facade w/ white stones

-Winter solstice (shortest day) sun rises in East and light goes thru passage to tomb--> special orientation/symbolic?

Stonehenge, England

-Neolithic (2900 BCE)

-cocentric ring of stone, sarsen and bluestone (from Wales)

-Trilithon (freestanding 3 stone feature)

-All blocks have been dressed (smooth)

-Uprights taper bottom up

Why? -ritual ceremonies, healing ceremonies, burial ground, monument to ancenstors, celestial observation, astronomical calendar

-Sticky, black substance (Water proofing)

-Similiar to asphalt

-Bricks are set into bitumen

Pier like projection of brick builter in close connection w/ wall or needing extra stability

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Fortress with bastions (4 or 6) sited w/in a fortified town, usually on an eminence. 

Bastion=defensive prjection

Human headed winged bulls

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^Lamassu at Citadel of Sargon II

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^ Includes mesopotamia, tigris and euphrates rivers

-Cradle of civilization

-Xerxe's Hall in Persepolis

-Added after Dariu's Apadana

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Ba: "Soul"/personality - Not a part of the person but the person itself

Ka: "Spirit" -  ka leaves body when person dies

Pathway/road formed on a mound.

A raised road across a low/wet place.

~Bridge

High windows above eye level.

Purpose: light, fresh air, etc.

A column w/ half or more of its' shaft visible.

A fluted engaged column w/less than half of shaft exposed creats diffuculties at junction with wall b/c of entasis

-First named architect

-Made transition from mastaba to pyramid for King Djoser.

-design step pyramid

Mortuary Temple

vs.

Funerary Temple

Mortuary: For final step of embalming

Funerary: Where the body stays for "eternity"

Most egyptians lived near the Nile b/c it provided water, food, transportation, and soil for growing food

Old: 2920-2134 BCE

Political unsureness

Middle: 2040-1640 BCE

Political unsureness

New: 1550-1070

Papyrus Columns

and Capitals

Base: Floral

Shaft: Monolithic and multiple drums

Top: Floral and/or animal head carvings

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Place closed off in mastaba for dead to inhabit statue of ka to observe living

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Introduced in the beginning of the 4th dynasty

Packing blocks were stacked until dimensions were correct then finishing blocks (usually limestone) were added. 

1st: Red Pyramid (Snofru) is first successful true one. 

Human headed feline body (composite creature).

-At temple complex of Khafre, Giza.

-2520 BCE (Old Kingdom)

Part of the funerary complex of Khafre including along w/ pyramid connecting with causeway leading to valley temple. 

-Hypostyle hall

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-Many columned hall

-Architects thought they need many columns for support/structure.

Relief Sculpture

(include info on Apadana Reliefs)

The sculpture is above the background frame.

Apadana reliefs: Pharoah Darius and "Prime minister" type person, Xerxes were made bigger than servants, etc. 

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In the serdab the offering given to the Pharoah for good luck/help is a votive offering. 

Remember it by: having a motive by giving a votive

Massive structures built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels.

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-Rivers that flooded in Egypt

-People took this to their advantage to use it as a source of transportation when building pyramids

White temple, Uruk, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)

3500-3000 BCE (Neolithic)

-Temple on top of raised platform (ziggurat) --symbolic of sacred mountain

-Built by city of Uruk, communal effort

-Sun dried brick, timber, covered w/ white plaster

-Battered and buttressed

-Ziggurat of Ur (Ur is walled city with sacred and residential areas)

-2100 BCE (Neo Sumerian)

-Built by King Ur-Nammu dedicated to moon god.

-Mudbrick w/ layers of woven reeds, layer of baked brick set in bitumen.

-3 stairways, 2 bastions, 2 levels

-Restored by Nabonidus of Babylon (555 BCE)

Citadel of Sargon II

-Khorsabad (Dur Sharrukin)

-720 BCE (Assyrian Period)

-Had walls on outside to defend from outsiders-> reflected time period of chambers getting smaller leading to sargon II chamber

-stone reliefs above doors, and lamassu 

c. 575 BCE

-Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II

-Figures are made w/ individual mould-made bricks that are fired and glazed

-Multi-cloured (polychrome), kin-fired glazed brick, laid in asphalt

-Reconstructed by Hussein

-TRUE ARCH!

Persepolis 

-Persia

-518-460 BCE

-Achaemenid Persians conquered Babylon, established new capital at Persepolis, Darius I began work, continued by Xerxes and Artaxerxes

-Square plan

-Has hypostyle hall, apadana (Dariu's *)

-Xerxe's hall of Hundred Columns

-Funeral Complex of Djoser (Dynasty III)

-Saqqara 2630 (Old Kingdom)

-Had engaged half columns, serdab, funerary temple, entrance corridor, enclosure wall

-Columns: imitate bundles of reeds

-Architect: Imhotep

Great Pyramid of Khufu (cheipos)

-Giza 2550-2460 (Old Kingdom)

-Each face points to one cardinal point

-Core is of ashlar masonry, surface of limestone.

Temple Complex of Khafre

Giza

Dynasty IV 2520 (old Kingdom)

 -Includes Sphinx

-Valley Temple- Hypostyle Halls

-

Deir el Bahari

-Dynasty XVII (1473 BCE-New Kingdom)

-Architect: Senenmut

-Series of temples connected w/ axial ramps

-Engaged statues in walls

-Faceted columns all around

Temple of Amun

Karnak, 15th-13th century (New Kingdom)

-Sunken relief sculptures

-Illustrated with clerestory

-Hypostyle hall included

-Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel (not funerary)

-ca 1279-1213 (New Kingdom)

-Trapezoidal shape... PYLON!

-Small hypostyle hall and chapel for Ra, Amun, Ptah, and Ramses

Obelisk

-4 sided (often monolithic) shaft on a square plan usually covered with hieroglyphs

Dynasty XVIII (1473-1458 -New Kingdom)

-Rock cut tombs and entrances hidden

-Deir El- Bahari)

Portal of Ancient Egyptian temple.. trapezoidal shape with sloping sides

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"Palace of Minos" 

Knossos, Crete, ca. 1700-1380 BCE (New Palace Period) 

Taper from top to bottom

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Palace and Citadel at Tiryns, Greece ca 1300 BCE (Late helladic or mycenaen period)

-Megalithic "cyclopean" architecture

-Defensive citadel, entrance, fortification walls

Megaron at heart of palace complex

-Corbeled galleries

Lion Gate and Citadel of Mycenae, Greece (1300-1250 BCE) - Late Helladic or Mycenaean Period)

-HUGE fortification wall'

-Entrance guarded with lion gate-ashlar masonry, megalithic post and lintel, corbeled arch, relieving triangle filled with relief scuplture, minoan columns

"Treasury of Atreus" 

Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1330 (Late Helladic or Mycenaen Period)

-Tholos Tomb

-"Beehive" shape

-Dromos=runway

-Stomion=narrow doorway

-Thalamos=chamber

-Has side chamber

-Corbeling w/ triangle

In knossos

-Painting/plaster

-bronze-aged civilization that arose on the island of Crete and came to dominate the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea.

Archaic Period

Classical Period

Hellenistic Period

Greek periods

Archaic Period (700-480 BCE)

Classical Period (479-323 BCE)

Hellenistic period (323-31 BCE)

Corinthian capital

Acanthus plant

Kallimachos (Callimachus)

Temple of Hera at Olympia

ca. 600-590 BCE (Archaic Period)

-6 x 16 columns

three-room interior (pronaos, cella, opisthodomos)

-terracotta disk acroterion

Temple of Hera (I) at Paestum (Poseidonia), Italy

ca. 550 BCE (Archaic Period

-Doric Order

-peripteral, 9 x 18 columns

-three-room interior (pronaos, cella, adyton)

Important architectural details:

capital profile: column entasis

Temple of Zeus at Olympia

ca. 472-457 BCE (Classical Period)

-Architect: Libon of Elis

-6 x 13 columns

Parthenon 447-432 BCE (Classical)

Acropolis of Athens, Greece

Sponsor/Patron: Perikles

Architects: Iktinos & Kallikrates

Master Sculptor: Pheidias

-8 x 17 columns (2x + 1 =y)

-Optical Refinements: Stylobate curvature, Column inclination, Entasis