Radial Animals

• have two embryonic tissue layers (diploblastic)
• central body area

Bilateral

Animals

• have 3 embryonic tissues (triploblastic)
• cephalization

No Coelom

Acoelomate

• without a cavity

Pseudocoelom

• cavity not surrounded by mesoderm tissue
• roundworms

True Coelom

• completely lined with a thin layer of tissue that develops from the mesoderm
• annelids, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, and chordates

Protostomes

• body cavity forms with in the space b/w the wall and digestive cavity

Deuterostomes

• body cavity forms as an out-growth of the digestive cavity

SPONGES

• no tissues
• no body cavity
• loose association of cells
• filter feeders

Choanocyte

SPONGES

• maintain a flow of water throughout the sponge

Amoebocyte

SPONGES

• digesting & distributing nutrients, producing repro. cells and secreting small bone skeletal projections

CNIDARIANS

• radial symmetry
• gastrovascualar cavity
• poly or medusa
• jellyfish

FLATWORMS

• dorsoventrally flattened
• acoelomates
• bilateral symmetry
• lack respiratory and circulartoy systems

ANNELIDA

• segmented worms
• true coelom
• hydrostatic skeletion
• complete digestive system and closed circulatory

Oligochaeta

ANNELIDA

• pseudocoelom
• few setae

Polychaeta

ANNELIDA

• many setae

Hirudinea

ANNELIDA

• no setae
• leeches

MOLLUSCA

• muscular foot
• mantle

Gastropoda

MOLLUSCA

• snails and slugs
• flat muscular foot
• many have shells
• gazers

MOLLUSCA

• scallops, oysters, and clams
• wedge-shaped foots
• filter feeders

Cephalopoda

MOLLUSCA

• octopus, squid, nautilus, & cuttlefish
• foot modified into tentacles
• predators

ARTHROPODA

• exoskeletion
• jointed appendages
• head, thorax, abdomen
• diverse respiratory structures

Insects

ARTHROPODS

• butterflies & moths
• bees, ants, and wasps (only females have stingers)
• Beetles - largest order

Arachnids

ARTHROPODS

• spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions
• lack antennae
• 8 walking legs

Myriapods

ARTHROPODS

• milipedes - scavengers, 100-300 legs, 2 pairs of legs/segement
• centipedes - predators, 70 legs, 1 pair of legs/segment
• painful bite

Custaceans

ARTHROPODS

• crabs, shrimp, and crayfish
• live primairly in water
• each walking leg has a gill on it

NEMATODA

• roundworms
• unsegmented
• pseudocoelomate
• lack circulatory and respiratory systems
• free-living and parasitic
• 50 species infect humans

ECHINODERMATA

• sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish
• water vascular system
• lack circulatory system
• gas exchange occurs in tube feet and skin gills
• secondary radial symmetry
• can regenerate lost body parts

CHORDOTA

• dorsal, hollow nerve chord
• notochord
• pharyngeal gill slits
• post-anal tail

Urochordata

Tunicates

• invertebrate
• entirely marine
• larva show all features, adults show none

Cephalochordata

Amphioxus

• invertebrate
• sea lancelets

VERTEBRATES

Have:

• neural crest
• cephalization
• vertebral column
• closed circulatory system

Agnatha

• lack jaws
• round sucker moutn
• can have teeth like structures

Hagfish

Agnatha

• marine
• live primairly on or near ocean floor
• feed on worms and dead and dying fish
• lack appendages/no bones
• produces slime

Lampreys

Agnatha

• both freshwater and marine
• many are parasitic on fish

Gnathostomata

• Jawed fish
• fishes have 2 chambered heart

Chondrichthyes

Gnathostomata

• cartilaginour endoskeleton
• use oils in liver to moderate buoyancy

Actinopterygi

Gnathostomata

• bony endoskeleton
• operculum
• swim bladder to regulate buoyancy
• ray-finned fish

Lobe-Finned Fish

• have fleshy fins that contain rod-shaped bones

Coelancanth

Lobe-Finned Fish

• deep-ocean fish once thought to be extinct

Lungfish

Lobe-Finned Fish

• both gills and lungs
• lives in freshwater in Africa, South America, and Australia

TETRAPODS

• have 4 feet

Amphibians

TETRAPODS

• 3 chambered heart
• poorly developed longs so they have cutaneous respiration as well
• external fertilization and eggs lack a protective shell

Amniotic Egg

• shelled egg with extra embryonic tissues to protect

Reptiles

TETRAPODS

• Reptiles have scales and a shelled amniotic egg
• lizards and snakes
• alligators and crocodiles are adapted for life in water
• turtles have protective shells

Birds

• feathered reptiles
• anatomy has been modified to reduce weifht
• endothermic (warm blooded) and can maintain an eleveated internal temperature

Mammals

TETRAPODS

• monotremes - egg-laying mammals
• Marsupials- give birth to underdeveloped and immature offspring and carry them in a pouch
• most mammal species are placental mammals

Suspension

Feeders

• filter feeders
• sift small food particles from water
• clams, sponges, baleen whales

Substrate

Feeders

• live on or in their food source and eat their way through it
• fungi

Deposit

Feeders

• a type of substrate feeder that ingests partially decayed organic materials along with the substrate (earthworm)

Fluid

Feeders

• suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host
• aphids ingest sap, mosquitoes ingest blood

Ingestion

• the act of eating

Digestion

• the process of breaking down food into small molecules the body can absorb

Absorbption

• the uptake of the small molecules resulting from digestion

Elimination

• undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment

Oral

Cavity

• mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth

Chewing

• breaks down large pieces of food, making it easier to swallow and increases surface area for enzyme action

Saliva

• contains mucin (protects mouth from abrasion)
• buffers (neutralizes acids)
• antibacterial agents
• salivary amylase (begins digestion of CARBS)

Pharynx

• intersection for both the digestive and respiratory system
• movement of swallowing moves the epiglottis to block the entrance of the windpipe
• directs food through the pharynx and into the esophagus

Esophagus

• mscular tube that conducts food from the pharynz to the stomach

Stomach

• stores food and performs preliminary digestion of PROTEINS

Food Storage

• elastic wall with folds
• can expand to accommodate up to 2 liters of food

Churning

• mechanical breakdown of food
• longitudinal, vertical and diagonal muscles
• churning and enzyme action convert food to a nutrient rich broth called acid chime

Secretion

• Mucous cells secrete mucin and gastrin
• Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, an inactive precursor to pepsin
• Parietal cells secrete HCL, which kills bacteria, denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Mucin

• protects the stomach lining

Gastrin

• a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice

Small Intestine

• major organ of digestion and absorption

Carbohydrate

Digestion

• began in the mouth with salivary amylase
• begins again in the duodenum with pancreatic amalyse (completes digestion of carbs)

Protein

Digestion

• Began in the stomach with pepsin
• Begins again in the duodenum with trypsin and chymotrypsin

Fat

Digestion

• occurs only in the small intestine
• must first be emulsified by bile salts produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
• Pancreatic lipase then breaks down fat into glyceroal and fatty acids

Absorption

of Nutrients

• nutrients are absorbed by diffusion or active transportn into the capillaries or lacteal
• these converge into the hepatic portal system, which leads directly to the liver

Gastrin

• from the stomach is released in response to the presence of food
• it stimulates the release of gastric juices (HCL and pepsin)

Secretin

• from the duodenum is released in response to acid chyme from the stomach
• it stimulates the release of bicarbonate buffer to neutralize acid

Cholecystokinin

• from the duodenum is released in response to chyme in the stomach
• it stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pacrease to release pacreatic enzymes

Gastric

Inhibitory Peptide

• from the duodenum is released in response to fat in the chyme
• inhibits peristalsis and slows digestion