Term
| Is the pancreas more endocrine or exocrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pancrease drain into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreatic secretions contain enzyms that break down what? What else do they do? |
|
Definition
-carbs (amylase)
-lipids (lipase)
-proteins: inactive zymogens act in SI
-maintains in pH of intestinal content |
|
|
Term
| Zymogens are activated by enzyme cleavage by ______ i SI. |
|
Definition
-enteropeptidaze
-tripsinogen to trypsin which activates other |
|
|
Term
| Activation of pancreatic enzymes within ducts or acinar cells lead to what two possible outcomes? |
|
Definition
-pancreatitis
-plasma protease inh complex allow them to be removed |
|
|
Term
| What is exocrine pancreas insufficiency (EPI)? Which animals most commonly affected? |
|
Definition
-maldigestion occurs only in disorders affecting a large portion of pancreas (90%)
-dogs: GSD, rough-coat collies, Cavaling King Charles, chows |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of EPI? |
|
Definition
| -steatorrhea, diarrhea, wt loss w/ polyphagia |
|
|
Term
| What syndromes is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency assoc w/? |
|
Definition
-pancreatic atrophy
-destruction by chronic pancreatitis
-exocrine pancreatic neoplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CS
-serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of pancreatic incidental findings? |
|
Definition
-autolysis: dark red or green
-fat infiltration: obesity
-ectopic pancreatic tissue: nodules |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic degen is a non-specific process due to...? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-local or systemic dz: starvation, duct obstruction, interstitial fibrosis, Sz toxicity
-lesions: atrophy, degen, necrosis, apoptosis, acinar cell loss |
|
|
Term
| HOw much can the pancreas regen? |
|
Definition
-moderately, minor cell loss may be followed by complete regen
-excessive injury leads to fibrosis and secondary atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What does a fibrotic pancreas look like? |
|
Definition
| -misshapen, coarsely nodular and firm |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the most common cause of EPI in dogs. Which breeds are predisposed? |
|
Definition
-juvenile pancreatic atrophy
-GSD, rough-coated collies, greyhounds, maybe English setters |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment and history for juvenile pancreatic atrophy? |
|
Definition
-6-12m
-maldigestion, wt loss despite huge appetitie
-steatorrhea: inc V of yelow-gray feces |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ juvenile pancreatic atrophy? |
|
Definition
-small pancreas
-distended intestines
-fat depletion in mesentery |
|
|
Term
| Which spp are affected by pancreatic necrosis or pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
| -variety of spp: rabbit, ferret, reptiles |
|
|
Term
| ------ is the most common exocrine pancreatic disorder in dog and cat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe pancreatitis in dogs. |
|
Definition
-idiopathic or spontaneous inflammation and necrosis
-aka acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What form of chronic pancreatitis is most common in cats? |
|
Definition
| -interstitial pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| What causes chronic pancreatitis in dogs? |
|
Definition
| -repeated mild episodes of acute pancreatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three routes of injurty to the pancreas? |
|
Definition
-duct system
-blood
-direct trauma |
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanisms of pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-obstruction of pancreatic ducts
-direct injury to pancreatic acinar cells
-disturbances of enzyme trafficking in acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes pancreatic duct obstruction? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
-calculi or parasites
-interstitial edema => compression of small vessels => ischemia |
|
|
Term
| What results from direct injury to pancreatic acinar cells? Which toxins and drugs are commonly at fault? |
|
Definition
-ischemia from wide variety of causes
-Zinc, T2, sulfonamids, potassium bromide-phenobarbital |
|
|
Term
| What results from disturbance of pancreatic enzyme trafficking in acinar cells? |
|
Definition
| -leads to inappropriate enzyme activation w/in cells = autodigestion |
|
|
Term
| Which dogs are predisposed to acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-females
-after high fat meal |
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of acute pancreatitis causing release of activated pancreatic enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dog breeds are predisposed to acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-MIni Schnauzers
-Yorkies
-Silky terriers |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-anorexia
-VOMITING
-weakness
-abdominal pain
-dehydration
-depression
-acute episodes FATAL
-also: diarrhea, fever, jaundice, shock, collapse |
|
|
Term
| What causes the lesions seen w/ acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-enzymatic degradation
-vascular damage
-necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-edema w/ white areas of fat necrosis and hemorrhage
-fibrinous adhesions b/n pancreas and other tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the systemic effects of severe acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-widespread hemorrhage
-DIC
-shock
-liver damage: due to release activated = icterus + inc liver enzymes = reactive hepatopathy |
|
|
Term
| Acute pancreatitis may result in almost complete pancreatic destruction. What are they? |
|
Definition
-chronic relapsing pancreatitis in dogs
-irregular, nodular, and distorted lobules
-minimal scar tissue w/ minor adhesions
-clinical signs of EPI may develop
-DM |
|
|
Term
| What are some post-pancreatitis complications? |
|
Definition
-pancreatic pseudocyts
-pancreatic abscess: no bacteria
-pancreatic phlegmon: solid mass of pancreas and adjacent tissue but spontaneously resolved |
|
|
Term
| In which species is chronic pancreatitis common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually causes chronic pancreatitis in dogs? |
|
Definition
| -due to repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes chronic pancreatitis in cats? |
|
Definition
| -interstitial inflammation beginning in ducts = ASCENDING BACTERIAL INFECTION S |
|
|
Term
| Is an ascending bacterial ifnection and triaditis more commonly assoc w/ neutrophilic or lymphocitic cholangitis in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ chronic pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
-fibrosis and exocrine atrophy
-distorted, shrunken, nodular w/ fibrous adhesions |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of EPI in the cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals commonly get pancreatic nodular hyperplasia? Is it clinical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see ue to nodular pancreatic hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| -multiple reaised firm smooth and gray/white IN EXOCRINE TISSUE ONLY |
|
|
Term
| Is exocrine pancreatic carcinoma common? Species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma? |
|
Definition
-anorexia
-lethargy
-depression
-vomiting
-wt loss w/ palpable cranial abdominal mass
-jaundice if advances |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ xocrine pancreatic carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| -white-tan masses that can invade adhacent tissue |
|
|
Term
| How does exocrine pancreatic carcinoma behave? |
|
Definition
| -aggressive w/ met usually to liver |
|
|
Term
| REVIEW HIS IMPORTANT POINTS!!! |
|
Definition
|
|
