What did soldiers bring home from the Christian Crusades and what did it lead to? 

- Medicine,- Silks,- Perfumes,-Rugs,- Spices: pepper, nutmeg and clove

This led to dramatic growth in: Urban Commerce  AND                                   

Global Trade

Who did the Aztec King think Cortez was?

the god Quetzalcoatl

What is earliest settlement in present day United States?

St. Augustine, Florida (1565)

What role did Pocahontas play in the new world?

She made a dramatic appeal for his life

                                           -  john Smith was released and A peace with Powhatan’s was established

What was the Great Migration?

80,000 British left Great Britain

                - Rising tensions was main reason

                                - Of these, about 25,000 came to New England

Who were the Quakers and when and where were they started and what did they found?

- Quakers were known as the “Society of Friends”

- Founded in 1647, during British Civil War

THEY FOUNDED West Jersey (New Jersey)

Why were diseases not as predominant in the Northern Colonies?

What is most important thing to remember about the Great Awakening?

The Great Awakening was an American movement

- It was shared by all as a group

- Not just by one colony

What happened when Virginians began crossing the Allegheny Mountains and entered the Ohio River Valley?

- The French and Indians claimed the land

What did the Proclamation of 1763 directly result from?

- Pontiac’s Rebellion 

Who wanted a refuge for Catholics in the English Colonies and is the first Lord Baltimore?

Who wanted their colony to be good for humankind, though his philanthropist ideas failed?

James Oglethorpe

Who spent 24 years traveling across Asia, Persia, China and Indonesia?

Who said that “he that will not work shall not eat”?

Who married Pocahontas, but later died during the Second Anglo-Powhatan War?

In 1488, who was the person who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope?

Who was the explorer and his expedition that first circumnavigated the globe?

What did Christopher Columbus do after he reached San Salvador?

He believed he was in the East Indies

                                - He came across local natives and he called them “Indians”

In honor of his father, who was given a huge land grant west of the Jersey colonies?

Which Puritan believed in liberty and the freedom to worship as one wanted?

Roger Williams h

Who chose Boston as the hub and would serve as governor until his death in 1649?

John Winthrop

In 1676, which governor refused to clear out Indian land for a group of rebels?

Who was elected governor 30 times and helped establish New England’s economy?

What happened when Spain and Portugal feuded over who got what in the New World in 1492 and 1493?

- The Pope drew a line from North to South, first in 1493

                                - Not satisfying Spain or Portugal

                                                - The Pope drew a new line, the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494

Know these explorers: Ponce de Leon, Hernando de Soto, Amerigo Vespucci, Francisco Pizzarro, Francisco Coronado, Ferdinand Magellan and what they explored.

Why did the Spanish first come to America and what where they looking for?

serve God, the King and to get rich

as lpursuing wealth, gold, power, glory and divine approval

- They wanted a share of the expected plunder and slaves

- They felt justified in doing the following:

                                                                - Conquest and enslavement of Native Americans

                                                                - Destruction of Native Americans’ way of life

                                                                - Seizure of Native American land and treasures

What were the many advantages that the conquistadores had over the Indians?

- Weapons made out of Iron

                - Steel swords and Firearms (guns)

                - Explosives (cannons) and Armor

                - Horses and large greyhound dogs

                - Heavily armed oceangoing vessels

What is the “Noche Triste” or the Night of Sorrows?

On June 30^th or July 1^st, the Aztec Warriors stoned Montezuma to death

                                - They viewed him as a traitor

What were the main reasons the Aztecs were defeated?

Why did the Encomienda System fail?

- It was basically slavery, disguised as missionary work

                                                                - Indians were dying at 90% due to diseases

                                                                - Indian culture clashed with European dominance

Who was a speaker with rare ability and he would give about 18,000 formal sermons throughout American Colonies?

Who said “no matter against His Majesty’s Troops”?

Who organized a concentrated effort on Canada, which would ultimately lead to victory in the French and Indian War?

Who was very influential philosopher, who came up with the idea of rights to life, liberty and property?

Who gave the famous sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”?

Know these: Columbian Exchange, Triangular Trade, Black Legend, the Great Migration

What were a few of the end results of the Tudor Family Line?

What happened in the clash between the Spanish Armada and the English Navy in 1588 and why important?

                - On August 8^th, 1588, a powerful North Atlantic Storms formed

                                - Most of the Spanish Armada was virtually destroyed

                                                - Only 50 ships returned to Spain and 20,000 Spanish died

                                                                - England became masters of the oceans

What happened on Roanoke Island, from 1585 to 1590?

Roanoke Island Colony

- The English first attempt at colonization in New World failed

- Sir Walter Raleigh persuaded the Queen Elizabeth

- In 1585, 70 colonists landed on Roanoke Island Colony

                                                - Located just off the coast of present day North Carolina

                                - In 1587, another 117 settlers came to Roanoke Island

                                                - Spanish Armada prevented contact for three years  

                                - In 1590, an English ship landed at Roanoke Island

                                                - The entire colony had disappeared              

                                                                - Lack of Evidence

                                                                                - No sign of a struggle or battle

                                                                                - Houses and fortifications had been dismantled

                                                                                - The word “Croatoan” carved on a post

                                                                                - In a nearby tree, “Cro” was carved

                                                                                                - Croatoan was an island

                                                                                                                - They weren’t there either

-Became known as the “Lost Colony”

What happened in 1607 at Jamestown?

In December, 1607, Smith led a small group up the James River

                - They were foraging for food

                                - They had trespassed on Powhatan (Indian) land

                                                - John Smith’s account, written in 1616:

                                                                - Smith was wounded and captured

                                                                - Smith’s men were tortured, killed and disemboweled

                                                                                - Smith was to be executed

                                                                - Chief Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas (11yrs old) intervened

                                                                                - She made a dramatic appeal for his life

                                                                                                - Smith was released

                                                                - Some historians question Smith’s account

                                                                                - It is agreed, though on the following:

                                                                                                - John Smith and Pocahontas were never in love

                                                                                                                - And never were they married

                                                                                                - A peace with Powhatan’s was established

                                                                                                                - They showed John Smith:

- How to grow food

                                                                                                                                - Details of geography and wildlife

What were the many problems at the Jamestown Colony?

- Swampy site meant poor drinking water

- Mosquitoes caused malaria and yellow fever

- The men spent most of their time looking for gold

- The men should have been digging wells, building shelters and planting crops

                                - After only nine months, only 38 of the 105 settlers were still alive

What were the Tobacco cultivations “unintended” effects?

This led to an increased desire to take more land

What is the House of Burgesses?

the first General Assembly of Virginia

HOUSE OF ELECTED OFFICIALS

- A governor – appointed in London

- Six councilors – appointed by governor

- Twenty-two burgesses – elected by settlers

     - Due to the wars and exposure to diseases

Who founded the Maryland Colony and for what purpose?

Cecilius Calvert

- Founded originally for persecuted Catholics

What is the Act of Toleration?

- It guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians

- It decreed the death penalty to:

- Jews

- Atheists

 - Anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ

Two different settlements

- Those from Virginia

- Those from Barbados (Caribbean)

- Different politics

- Different classes of people

- In 1712, Carolina was split

                - North Carolina

  - South Carolina

What did the Hanover Family Line lead to in the American Revolution?

King George III becomes King in 1760

It’s under his rule that the American Revolution takes place

Who was a missionary in the Georgia Colony?

What is the Magna Carta and why is it important?

English Liberties and Enterprise

- Magna Carta in 1215

                - Established Kings were not above the law

                                - The People had rights that the Monarch (King) could not violate

                                                - Forced King John of England to sign            

                                                                - English liberty was common law

                                                                                - People arrested or goods seized only with warrant (from court)

                                                                                - People entitled to trial by jury of peers (their equals)

                                - People consented to taxes through house of House of Commons (Parliament)

                                                - English peoples had a sense of self-rule (liberties)

                                                                - English liberties led to personal initiative (enterprise)

                                                                                - This created adventurers and entrepreneurs

                                                                                                - Self-motivated English fueled Colonial Settlements

                                                                                                                - Not by Parliament or the King

                                                                                                                                - Led to prosperity and empire

How were the Puritans, Separatists and Pilgrims similar and also different?

- Main similarity was that they were ALL Puritans

The Separatists

- These were also Puritans, but extremists

They wanted to live and die as good Pilgrims

What is the Mayflower Compact?

This was a set of rules by which to obey
                                - It set the standard for later constitutions

                                                - A formal agreement to abide by the laws

                                                                - Made by leaders of their own choosing

                                                                                - A path to self-rule in New England colonies

In 1621, the Pilgrims, along with Squanto and other Wampanoag Indians, celebrated what?

What are some of the facts regarding the First Thanksgiving?

In November, 1621, the First Thanksgiving lasted three days

- There was enough food for 53 Pilgrims and 90 Indians

                                                - Including Squanto and other Wampanoag Indians

-  The feast included fowl, venison, fish, berries, fruit, pumpkin, corn and squash

- Thanksgiving became a yearly tradition in America

- Celebrated in November

- Both in North and South Colonies

- In 1863, Abraham Lincoln made it an “official” holiday

What are some of the aspects regarding Puritan Rule?

The local government was not a democracy

- Men who did not attend church

- Were banned from matters of government

                - The abuse of drinking (publicly drunk) led to having the letter “D” on clothing

- Moderation in all things was a Puritan guideline

                - Sexual activity outside marriage was forbidden

                                - A man found guilty could be jailed, whipped, fined or disfranchised

                                                - Even forced to marry the woman

                                - Persons were fined for kissing in public

- Puritan law was stricter with women

- Adulterous women had to wear letter “A” on their clothes

- The Scarlet Letter (1850) by Nathaniel Hawthorne

- Women had less power than men

- Could not vote or hold office

- Subjection to husband’s authority

- Expected to marry and have as many as 10 children

- Death in childbirth was common

Which colony identified with John Winthrop and the Puritan Faith?

Who was an English theologian and founder of Providence, Rhode Island?

Why did Puritan settlers accept Rhode Island?

                - Mostly because they had a place to send Puritan “dissenters”

What is the real importance that Anne Hutchinson embodied?

the earliest form of American Independence

                                - The rights to freedom of speech, religion and assembly

What happened regarding the Dutch and the Swedes in New Amsterdam?

They built a fort and a village grew around it

                                                                                - They called it New Amsterdam

                                                - In 1626, Peter Minuit led the Dutch Colony (until 1632)

                                                                - On May 24^th, he purchased Manhattan from local natives

                                                                          - Value of 60 Dutch guilders ($24 U.S. Dollars) – 19^th Century

                                                - In 1638, the Swedes established a trading post of their own

                                                                - It was located just north of the Dutch post

                                                                                - Tensions between Swedes and Dutch grew

                                                - Between 1638 and 1655, the Dutch built a wall

- It was to keep the Swedes out of southern Manhattan

                                                                                - This “Wall” is where Wall Street exists today in New York

                                                - In 1655, the Dutch attacked the Swedish post

                                                                - Most of the Swedes left Manhattan, though not all

Why did the English want to kick the Dutch out of New Amsterdam/New Netherlands?

Who founded the “Quaker Colony”?

What were the original 13 Colonies?

it began in West Africa along the sahara desert.

the portogues crreated the first slave trade post.

they were the first to begin slave trade

some Afican tribes will also sell thiers enemies as slaves.

Why did southern settlers reason that they needed African Slaves instead of the Indians?

- They were fighting the Indians

                                                                                                                - Diseases caused high deaths of Indians (90%)

What were the various aspects of Colonial Slavery?

Tens of millions of Africans were transported to the New World

                - No EXACT number is known

- They came via the Middle Passage

- It lasted about 300 years: 1500 to 1800

What were the ramifications of Bacon’s Rebellion?

- Gave people the idea of rebelling if they were unhappy

   - To do something about it

    - Expansion of new land to the west became a priority-

     -It would lead to more Indian clashes

   - To keep poor, Anglo farmers from rebelling

   - Wealthy Virginians (aristocrats) stopped using indentured servants 

    - Increased the importation of African Slaves

What significant events took place during King Philip’s War?

bothe colonies and indians suffered heavy losses

was one of the most costly war in the history of America

in 1676, Metacomet was killed and his head hang for 20 yrs in plymouth.

What did the Salem Witch Hunts include?

In 1734-1735, what was the impact of John Peter Zenger’s trial?

Why did the Indians prefer the French over the English?

When did the British force the French out of Nova Scotia and why and where did they go?

after the french and indian war broke out in 1754,

they went to Luisiana ( new orlean)

because it is a french speaking Acadians or (cajuns)

What was the Seven Years’ War known in America as?

The French and Indian War

What was George Washington’s role during the French and Indian War?

he helped organise the troops retreat.

after the war,

After this battle, Washington was given rank of Colonel

He had only 300 men to defend entire Colonial Frontier (300 miles) 

After the war, Washington was demoted from Colonel to Captain

What were the results of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years’ War?

- Britain was the unquestioned power and leader in World

                                                - Britain became the dominant power in North America

What was designed to benefit the Indians by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains?

The Proclamation of 1763

What were the reasons why the Colonists questioned Britain’s “invincibility”?

Poor leadership and over-confident officers

Marco Polo travels to Asia , Persia, China and Indonesia(1295), 

Columbus lands near San Salvador1492,

 Pilgrims celebrate first Thanksgivingat Plymouth1621 

French and Indian War1754 to 1763

In 1502, the first slave trade began IN ?

                - 

- Portugal Slave traders captured Africans

                      - Some African Tribes captured their enemies and traded them

1.  He discovered the strait at southern tip of South America

1. He conquered Incan Empire of Peru and send back thons of gold to spain
2. He primarily traveled across New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma

    looking for legendary Cibola or the Seven Cities of Gold

Francisco Pizzarro )

 Francisco Coronado 

1.  He explores and names Florida 
2.  He explored present day Southeastern U.S.

Ponce de Leon

Hernando de Sot