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| The term historians give to the disease that swept through Europe in 1347-1352 |
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| The long war between England and France, 1337-1453; it produced numerous social upheavals yet left both states more powerful than before. |
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| The papal dispute of 1378-1417 when the church had two and even three popes. The Great Schism was ended by the Council of Constance. |
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| A literary and linguistic movement cultivated in particular during the Renaissance and found on reviving classical Latin and Greek texts, styles, and values. |
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| An Italian poet who revived the styles of classical authors; he is considered the first Renaissance humanist. |
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| A league of northern European cities formed in the fourteenth century to protect their mutual interests in trade and defense. |
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| A general intellectual trend in the sixteenth century that coupled love of classical learning, as in Renaissance humanism, with an emphasis on Christian piety. |
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| A German Monk who started the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by challenging the practice and doctrines of the Catholic church and advocating salivation through faith alone. |
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| Holy Roman Emperor and the most powerful ruler in sixteenth-century Europe. |
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| French-born Christian humanist and founder of Calvanism, one of the major branches of the Protestant Reformation; he led the reform movement in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1541 to 1564. |
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| John Calvin's doctrine that God preordained salvation or damnation for each person before creation; those chosen for salvation were considered the "elect." |
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| The English king who first opposed the Protestant Reformation and then broke with the Catholic church, naming himself head of the Church of England in the Act of Supremacy of 1534 |
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| Sixteenth-century Protestant who believed that only adults could truly have faith and accept baptism. |
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| A general council of the Catholic church that met at Trent between 1545 and 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices and defend the church against the Protestant challenge. |
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| Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and approved by the pope in 1540. Jesuits served as missionaries and educators all over the world. |
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| The treaty of 1555 that settled disputes between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his Protestant princes. It recognized the Lutheran chruch and established the principle that all Catholic or Lutheran princes enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects. |
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