thnk about:

influence:

relate to:

:others

Produces behavior

Explanations for behavior in terms of external causes

Offers casual explanation of actor's behavior

Explanations in terms of internal causes

Committed by obervers explaining actor's behavior 

Overestimation of internal traits

Underestimation of external situations

Stereotypes

Cognitive shortcuts that allow rapid decision-making

Can play role in social information processing 

Sometimes helpful but can lead to mistakes

FAst-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged on basis of negative sterotype

Underperforming as living "down" to expectations of others ("Women don't do as well in math")

L. Festinger

Discomfort caused by inconsistent thoughts reduced by changing...

-Behavior to fit attitide or

-Attitude to fit behavior

Effort Justification

-Rationalizing amount of effort put into something

D. Bem

Inferences about attitudes by percieving behavior 

(If I do something alot I must like it)

Elaboration Liklihood Model

(2 ways to persuade)

Central route

-Engaging someone with sound, logical argument

Peripheral route

-Involves non-message factors

-Effective when people not paying attention to communicator

Happy people more likely to help

Helping may improve mood, may help coping

Feeling of oneness with emotional state of another

Empathy of another's plight moves us to action

Women -> Helping in nurturing contexts

Men -> Helping in danger and when competent

Tendency for observer of emergency to help when others less present 

Due to:

-Diffusion of responsiblity

-Tendency to look to behavior of others for cues

John Dollard

says that frustration (the blocking of goal directed behavior) always leads to a readiness to aggress. Sometimes the aggression can be inhibited and then displaced on safer targets

movies

tv

video games

Gap between rich and poor

Cultural norms about masculine pride and family honor

Can prompt aggressive/antisocial behavior in children

Violent pornography may have sme effect on male sexual aggression

Conformity

Judging line length experiment, using confederates

Participates conformed to incorrect answers 35% of time (all did it some)

When we want to be right

Depends on how

-Confident in independent judgement 

-Well-informed group perceived to be

Behavior that complies with explicit demands of authority

S. Milgram

Electric shock experiment, using confederate

Majority (about 2/3) of participants obeyed

Disobedience more common when...

-Other disobeyed

-Authority figures not legitimate, or not close by

-Victim made to seem more human

Reduction of personal identity and erosion of personal responsibility, when part of group

May be due to anonymity

Imitative behavior involving spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas

Role influence (Zimbardo's "Stanford Prism" study)

Improvement in individual performance due to presence of others

Due to effects of arousal, only on well-learned tasks

Social Loafing

Tendency to exert less effort in group due to less accountibility for individual effort

Decreased by increasing identifiability, simplifying evaluation, and making group task more attractive

Solidification and strengthening of individual position as result of group discussion

May result from persuasion or social comparison

Conformity over accuracy

Prevented if groups...

-Avoid isolation

-Allow all sides of argument to be aired

-Have impartial leader

-Include outside experts

Majority exerts informational and normative influence

Minority influence through consistence and confidence

Defining self in terms of group membership

Crucial part of self-image, source of good feelings

In-group vs. out-group

Minimal groups

Conscious and openly shared attitude

May be diminishing

Competition between groups, scarcity of resources

Cultural learning (children learn prejudice)

Low self-esteem- attempt to bolster our low esteem

Limits information-processing abilities (easy)

Generalizations  about group

More likely to stereotype out-group members

Certain types of contact (equals, sanctioned by authority, leads to friendship)

Task-oriented cooperation

-O. Sherif's (1961) Robbers Cave study

Physical closeness as strong predictor of attraction

More Exposure Effect

-Encounters increase liking, even without realizing it

Focus on minimizing costs and maximizing benefits

Equity as most important predictor of success, especially early in relationships

Focus on underlying factors of relationships

Examines commitment, investment, and availability of attractive alternative partners as predictive of relationship satisfaction and stability

Willingness to sacrifice for partenr

Axis I- Most diagnostice categories

Axis II- Personality disorders & mental retardation

Axis III- General medical conditions

Axis IV- Psychosocial and environmental problems 

Axis V- Current level of functioning

Classifies indviduals based on symptoms

Uses medical terminology, based on medical model

-Mental desorders in terms of disease

Implies internal cause, relatively independent of environmental factors

Focuses strictly on pathology and problems

-Fails to emphasive strengths (??) tha may help reduce stigma and maximize person's contributions to society

Involve fears that are

-Uncontrollable

-Disproportionate to actual danger

-Disruptive of ordinary

Feature...

-Motor Tension 

Persistent anxiety for at least 6 months

Unable to specify reasons for anxiety

Etiology

-Biological Factors

-Psychological and sociocultural factors

Recurrent, sudd onsets of intense apprehensions or terror

Often occur without warning and no specific cause

Etiology

-Biological Factors

-Psychological Factors

-Sociocultural Factors

Irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of particular object or situation

Social Phobia

-Intense fear of being humilated or embarrsessed in social situations

Etiology

-Biological Factors

-Psychologigal Factors

Obsessions

-Recurrent, anxiety-provoking thought

Compulsions

-Repetitive, ritualistic behavior

-Checking, cleansing, counting

Etiology

-Biological Factors

-Psychological Factors

Primary disturbance of mood, or prolonged emotion that colors emotional state

Can include cognitive, behavioral, and somatic (physical) symptoms

Depressive Disorders

-Major Depressive Disorder

-Dysthymic Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Significant depressive episode (five of nine symptoms) and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks

Impaired daily functioning

Biological factors

-Genetic factors

-Neurotransmitter levels

Psychological factors

-Mental disorders and traumas

-Substance abuse

Sociocultural factors

-Economic hardship

-Cultural and ethnic contexts

-Gender differences

Anorexia Nervosa

Relentless pursuit of thinness though starvation

Physical changes, serious complications, and high mortality rate

Denial

High-achieving perfectionism

Binge-and-purge eating pattern

Difficult to detect

Complications and dental problems

High perfectionism, low self-efficacy

Dissociation 

-Phychological states of disconnection from immediate experience

Disspciative Disorders

-Involve sudden loss of memory or change of identity, under extreme stress or shock

Formerly called multiple personality disorder

Two or more distinct personalities or selves

Exceptionally high rate of sexual or physical abuse during early childhood

Characterized by highly disordered thought processes

Positive Symptoms

Negative Symptoms

Sensory experiences in absence of real stimuli

Often auditory

False, unusual, or magical beliefs

Not part of individual's culture

Unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes

Word Salad

-loose word association

Neologisms

-New Words

Referential Thinking

-Ascribing personal meaning to random events

Catatonia

-State of immobility and unresponsiveness over time

Flat affect

-Display of little or no emotion

Lacking ability to read emotions of others

Difficulty sustainng attention

Problems holding information in memory

Inability to interpret information and make decisions

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns integrate into personality

Ten listed in DSM-IV

Pervasive pattern of instability

Marked impulsive beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts

Splitting

-Thinking style characterized by seeing the world in black and white terms

Commonly known as tranquilizers

Bind to GABA receptors

Neuroleptics

-block dopamine's action in brain

Commonly called shock therapy

Goal to set off seizure in brain

Use primarily to treat severe depression

Patient recieves anesthesia muscle relaxants

Controversial

Irreversible removal or destruction of brian tissue to improve adjustment

Prefrontal Lobotomy

-Severing of fibers connecting frontal lobe with thalamus

Stress importance of...

-Unconscious mind

-Extensive interpretation by therapise

-Role of early childhood experiences

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theraputic technique for analyzing unconscious thoughts

Goal to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awarness

Encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind

Catharsis

-Release of emotional tension when reliving emotionally-charged or conflicting experiences

Inevitable- and essential- aspects of theraputic relationship

Relating to analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships

Accord more power to...

-conscious mind

-current relationships

Heiz Kohut's view

-Early social relationships with attachment figures as critical

-Internalized relationships as basis for self

Encourage people to understand themelves and to grow personally

Emphasis on self-healing capacities

Empathy

Warmth

Genuiness 

^ Sufficient for change

Emphasize thoughts as main source of psychological problems

Attempt to change feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions

Emotional reactions to life events as product of irrational beliefs and expectations

Central false belief that feelings cannot be controlled

Goal of eliminating self-defeasting beliefs by rationally examining them

Directive, persuasive, confrontational

Problems such as depression, as a result of illogical thouhgts about seld, world, future

Emotions as product of cognitions

Anxiety Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

Personality Disorders

Emphasizes psychology's role in...

-Establishing and maintaining health

-Preventing and treating illness

Focus on behavioral and cognitive factors

Interdisciplinary field to...

-Promote health

-Reduce health

Focus on behavioral and biomedical knowledge

Challenge during maintenance stage

Return to former unhealthy patterns

Common aspect of change

Has been applied successfully to broad range of behaviors

But remains controversial

Common effects on body when demands placed on it

-alarm 

-resistance

-exhaustion

Lowers efficeincy of immune system

Directly promotes disease-producing processes

May activate dormant viruses

High blood pressure

Heart disease

Early Death

Impatient, quick to anger

hostility

Cognitive strategy of squarely facing troubles and trying to solve them

Works best over long term

Responding to stress by trying to manage emotional reaction, rather than confronting problem

Denial as main protective psychological mechanism for navigating overwhelming feelings

Sense of commitment and of control

Perception of problems as challenges