Term
| restorative theory of sleep |
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Definition
| the theory that the function of sleep is to restore the body and mind |
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Definition
| withing each 24-hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors |
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| rapid eye movement- a type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, paralysis, fast and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain-wave activity, and vivid dreams |
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Definition
| Non-REM- four sleep stages characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, little bodily movement, and blood pressure and brain activity that are at their 24-hour low points. |
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Definition
stage 1 : transition from waking to sleeping
stage 2 : transition from light to deeper sleep
stage 3 : deeper sleep
stage 4 : deepest sleep |
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Definition
| the increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation |
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Definition
| happens during stage 4 sleep and often begin with a piercing scream |
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Definition
| occurs during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep in which the sleeper does not come to full consciousness |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe |
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Definition
| believed that dreams function to satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires |
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Term
| evolutionary theory of dreaming |
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Definition
| the view that vivid REM dreams enable people to rehearse the skills needed to fend off threats and predators |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the underlying meaning of a dream |
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Definition
| the body's own natural painkillers, which block pain and produce a feeling of well-being |
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Definition
| a stimulant derived from coca leaves, stimulates the reward or "pleasure" pathways in the brain, which use the neurotransmitter dopamine |
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Definition
| a category of drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and can cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic; also called "uppers" |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that affects the metabolism of glucose and nutrient energy stored in muscles to be released during strenuous exercise |
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| a category of drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation; also called "downers" |
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Definition
| continued use of a substance that affects an individual's work, education, and social relationships |
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Definition
| a compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user develops a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued |
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Definition
| a condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take increasingly larger doses to maintain the same effect or high |
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Definition
| the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a regularly used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the drug is taken again |
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Definition
| classical conditioning, discovered by |
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Term
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Definition
| unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stumulus |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditional response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal |
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Definition
| any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated |
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Definition
| the termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated |
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Definition
| a decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence |
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Definition
| a decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence |
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Definition
| a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses |
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Definition
| a schedule in which a reinforcer is giver after a varying number of non-reinforced responses, based on an average ratio |
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Definition
| suspected that aggression and violence increased by seeing something violent |
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Definition
| the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory |
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Definition
| the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory |
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Definition
| the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds |
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Definition
| the component of the memory system that holds about seven (from five to nine) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory |
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Definition
| the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories |
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Definition
| a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember |
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| the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced |
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Definition
| the type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, or objective facts and information |
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Definition
| the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses; also called nondeclarative memory |
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Definition
| a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before |
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Definition
| a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory |
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Definition
| the tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than the middle items |
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Definition
| the tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned along with memory of the information itself |
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Term
| state-dependent memory effect |
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Definition
| the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded |
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Definition
| memories for shocking, emotion-provoking events that include information about the source from which the information was acquired |
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Term
| decay theory of forgetting |
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Definition
| the oldest theory of forgetting, which holds that memories, if not used, fade with time and ultimately disappear altogether |
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Term
| repression or false memories |
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Definition
| a psychological process in which traumatic memories are buried in the unconscious |
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