Term
| What are the 5 kinds of pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-aspiration
-bacterial
-fungal
-viral
-protozoal |
|
|
Term
| What are the general CS of pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-cough
-tachypnea
-dyspnea
-hemoptysis
-cyanosis
-collapse
-lethargy
-anorexia
-fever |
|
|
Term
| Loss of physical defense in the lung parenchyma can lead to aspiration pneumonia. Give some examples? |
|
Definition
-laryngea dz
-loss of consciousness
-tracheal hypoplasia
-ciliary dyskinesia
-force-feeding |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of dz leading to aspiration pneumonia due to regurgitation or vomiting? |
|
Definition
-megaesophagus
-esophagitis
-GI dz |
|
|
Term
| What are some CS of aspiration pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-adventitial lung sounds: crackles > wheezes
-thoracic rads: alveolar pattern 2/ cranioventral distribution |
|
|
Term
| Are cats or dogs more commonly affected by bacterial pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some issues that can predispose an animal to bacterial pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-concurrent viral resp dz: distemper, influenza, parainfluenza
-other bacterial infection: periodontitis, sepsis
-immunosuppression
-environment: dense housing, poor ventilation, sanitation issues |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat aspiration pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-O2 supplementation
abx
-nebulization/coupage
-/+ bronchodilator, N-acetylcysteine |
|
|
Term
| What are the top 4 etiologies behind fungal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-Histoplasma capsulatum
-Blastomyces dermatitidis
-Coccidioides immitis
-Cryptococcus neoformas |
|
|
Term
Are cats or dogs more commonly affected by each of the following etiologies of fungal pneumonia:
a) histo
b) blasto
c) coccidioides
d) crypto |
|
Definition
a) cat > dog
b) dog > cat
c) dog >> cat
d) cat >> dog |
|
|
Term
| Which organ systems does histo like? |
|
Definition
-liver
-spleen
-eyes
-GI (dog)
-skin (cat_
-bone marrow (cat)
-bone/joints (cat) |
|
|
Term
| Which organ systems does blasto like? |
|
Definition
-bone
-LN
-eyes
0brain
-skin
-nares |
|
|
Term
| Which organ systems does coccidiodes like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose fungal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-thoracic rads: structured/nodular interstitial most common & lymphadenopathy
-see organism on cytology or histo
-Ag Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat fungal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-Itraconazole or Fluconazole
-1m past CS/rad resolution & at least 6m total duration |
|
|
Term
| What are some common etiologies for viral pneumonia in dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
Dogs: distemper, adenovirus type II, parainfluenza, influenza
-Cats: herpes, calicivirus |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on thoracic rads w/ viral pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-diffuse interstitial lung pattern
-secondary bacterial pneumonia common |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat viral pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-isolation
-as w/ bacterial pneumonia
-O2 supplementation & supportive care |
|
|
Term
| Increased vascular permeability causes non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. What are some etiologies behind that? |
|
Definition
-neurogenic: sizures, head trauma, electrocution
-ARDS/ALI: IMHA, pancreatitis, sepsis, shock, poly-trauma, blood transfusion, uremia, envenomation, pneumonia
-direct lung injury: O2 toxicity, smoke inhalation, near drowing, lung lobe torsion |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema? |
|
Definition
-treat underlying cause
-O2 supplementation
-low-dose Furosemide |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of radial nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-prolonged lateral recumbency on non-padded surfaces
-also: blunt trauma, humeral or radial fx |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of radial nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-can't advance limb so it is dragged
-cannot extend carpus & digits
-weight bering only
-lsos of skin sensation cranial & lateral |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat radial nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-protect dorsum of digits
-splint carpus
-anti-inflamm |
|
|
Term
| What is prognosis of radial nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-variable
-good if treated early
-bad if due to humeral fx |
|
|
Term
| What are some common etiologies of femoral nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-dystocia: forced posterior delivery
-sudden overstratching: roping, falling
-pressure from abscess/hematoma |
|
|
Term
| What are some CS of femoral nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-constant flexion & collapse of limb: crouching stance
-dec or absent patellar reflex
-chronic lesions: quads atrophy, spntaneous patellar luxation (lat>med) |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat femoral nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is prognosis of femoral nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind obturator nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
| -peripartum cow due to dystocia |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of obturator nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-while walking: hopping gait
-at rest: severe abduction or splay legged
-SEVERE CASES: luxated hip or femur fx
-no cutaneous sensory deficits
-often combined w/ sciatic n deficit |
|
|
Term
| What are our major ddx for obturator nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-sciatic n deficit
-coxofemoral luxation
-femoral fracture |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat obturator nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-anti-inflamms
-hobbles
-if necessary: frequent rolling, sling, float tank
-time |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind sciatic nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-calving paralysis: forced fetal extractions
-others: injections in young animals, prolonged lat recumbency, compression by mass, pelvic fracture |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of sciatic nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-at rest: limb hanging behind animal, stifle is dropped & extended, foot constantly knuckling
-walking: limb jerked forward & upward, no skin sensation distal to stifle
-may be recumbent
-m atrophy if past 7d |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat sciatic nerve deficit? |
|
Definition
-anti-inflamm
-float tank/sling
-rolling side to side
-hobbles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the distal division of the sciatic nerve. |
|
Definition
-peroneal nerve: cranial
-tibial nerve: caudal |
|
|
Term
| What are the common etiologies for peroneal n deficit? |
|
Definition
-trauma
-prolonged recumbency
-calving paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of peroneal n deficit? |
|
Definition
-flexed fetlock & pastern joint: knuckling
-hyperextended hock
-loss of craniolateral skin snsation |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind tibial n deficit? |
|
Definition
-irritant drug injected in caudal hind limb mm
-dog bit |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of tibial n deficit? |
|
Definition
-hock hyperflexion
-forward knuckling of fetlock
-asymmetric pelvis
-loss of caudomedial skin sensation |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind enterotoxemia aka overeating dz? |
|
Definition
| -Clostridium perfringens type D |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the pathophys of overeating dz. |
|
Definition
-high CHO diet
-inc bacterial proliferation = epsilon toxin
-inc vascular perm = cerebral edema |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by overeating dz? |
|
Definition
| -labs ? calves > adult sheep/goat |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
-dullness, ataxia, blindness, convulsion
-acute death |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
-acute death
-rapidly growing animal
-grain diet
-glucosuria |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
-usually not rewarding
-procaine penicillin
-antitoxin |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ingestion of CAE infected colostrum/milk
-others: direct contact, in utero, horizontal transmission, venereal transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-goat kids: 2-6m
-progressive ascending ataxia, tremors
-opisthotonos,, death
-in herd: see other syndromes, arthirits, pneumonia, mastitis, wt loss |
|
|
Term
| What are our major ddx for CAE? |
|
Definition
-listeriosis
-Chlamydophila/Mycoplasma
-spinal trauma/abscess/parasite migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-AGID on blood for Ab (presuckle titer would be preferred)
-CSF tap: pleocytosis, inc protein
-PM: leukoencephalomyeltiis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-colostrum management: remove kids from infected dam before nursing
& feed heat-treated colostrum
-possibly keep two herds |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for Border Dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind Border dz? |
|
Definition
-pestivirus
-in utero infection w/ NC virus in ewe <50d of gestation |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of Border Dz? |
|
Definition
-lambs: hirsutism, tramors of head & neck, ataxia
-flock: abortion, infertility, birth defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -viral Ab in tissue, serology |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on PM lamb w/ border dz? |
|
Definition
-hydranencephaly
-cerebellar hypoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind Scrapie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Scrapie transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by Scrapie? |
|
Definition
-genetic susceptiblity
-Sheep (Suffolk) > goat |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of Scrapie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CS in sheep w/ Scrapie? |
|
Definition
-behavioral changes
-tremors, ataxia
-nibbling reflex
-wt loss w/ same appetitie
-recumbency & death |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS in goats w/ Scrapie? |
|
Definition
-same as sheep + regurge
-wt loss is uncommon |
|
|
Term
| What are some ddx for Scrapie? |
|
Definition
-oveine progressive pneumonia
-internal caseous lymphadenitis
-etc |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose scrapie? |
|
Definition
-CS
-third eyelid biopsy + stain
-genotype |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on PM w/ Scrapie? |
|
Definition
-histopath: vacuolation of gray matter neuropil
-ihc = GOLD STANDARD
-western blot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent Scrapie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the signalment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). |
|
Definition
-dog >> cat
-WHWT, Cairn terrier, Staffordshire bull terrier
-middle aged to older |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)? |
|
Definition
-couch
0exercise intolerance
-tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis
-loud fine inspiratory crackles |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose Idiopathic PUlmonary Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
-thoracic rads: diffus interstitial lung pattern
-thoracic CT: honey comb appearance
-signalment + CS + crackles - alveolar pattern = highly suspicious
-definitive diagnosis = lung biopsy |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Idiopathic PUlmonary Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
-antitussives: hydrocodone or butorphanol
-Sildenafil w/ pulmonary hypertension
-Corticosteroids: anti-inflamm
-bronchodilators d/c if no response w/in 1w |
|
|
Term
| How do we noninvasively screen Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis cases for pulmonary hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pulmonary neoplasia more commonly metastatic or primary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pulmonary neoplasia more common in cats or dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the more common pulmonary metastatic neoplasias? |
|
Definition
-melanoma (oral/digit)
-mammary tumor
-OSA
-thyroid carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the more common multisystemic cancers that affect the lungs? |
|
Definition
-lymphoma
-malignant
-histiocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the more common primary lung tumors? Are they usually benign or malignant? |
|
Definition
-carcinoma > sarcoma
-commonly malignant |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we diagnose pulmonary neoplasia? |
|
Definition
-rads + cytology/histo
-aspriate, biopsy, pleural fluid, airway sample
-Thoracic U/S: guide aspirate or biopsy
-thoracic CT: more sensitive for nodules, sx planning, guide aspirate/biopsy |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat metastatic pulmonary neoplasia? |
|
Definition
-tx primary cancer
-sx resection if possible |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat primary pulmonary neoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat lymphoma or malignant histiocytosis in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat a dog w/ oral melanoma that has met to the lungs? |
|
Definition
| -tyrosinase vx after resection of oral melanoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the breeds predisposed to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy? |
|
Definition
| -Huskies, Alaskan malaute, rotties |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy? |
|
Definition
-cough
-tachypnea
-dyspnea
-exercise intolerance
-fever
-lethargy
-anorexia
-general malaise |
|
|
Term
| What causes eosinophilic bronchpneumopathy? |
|
Definition
| -idiopathic but likely immune0-mediated |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose esoniphilic bornchopneumopathy? |
|
Definition
-adventitial sounds: crackles > wheezes
-thoracic radS: diffuse interstitial lung pattern
-50% have peripheral eosniphilia
-bronchoscopy & airway wahs: eosinophilia on cytology |
|
|
Term
| What are our major rule-outs for eosinphilic bronchopneumopathy? |
|
Definition
-parasites
-HW
-fungal
-neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat eosinpholic bronchopneumopathy? |
|
Definition
-pred: start high then taper
-supportive care
-O2 supplementation |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of eosinphilic bronchopneumopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
