Term
| Where can we localize dz w/ diarrhea in an adult horse? How is this different in a foal? |
|
Definition
-large colon
-can be large or small colon in faol |
|
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Term
| What causes secretory diarrhea? |
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Definition
-colonization of the colonic mucosa by enterotoxin producing bacteria => leads to hypersecretion of electrlytes into the colonic lumen
-can be assoc w/ disruption of normal mucosal morphology due to chemical mediators of inflammation |
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Term
| What are some of the common bugs that cause secretory diarrhea in adult horses? |
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Definition
-Salmonellosis
-Clostridial: perfringens type A & difficile |
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Term
| What is a common cause of irritation leading to inflammation causing fluid loss? |
|
Definition
| -sand: causes irritation by friction agaisnt mucosa and/or just physical amt/wt of it |
|
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Term
| What are some causes of dec oncotic P leading to fluid loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of diarrhea in adult horses? |
|
Definition
-Salmonella
-Clostridium difficile
-Clostridium perfringens type A
-antimicrobial assoc diarrhea |
|
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Term
| Overall, what type of Salmonellosis is overall the most common? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is of major concern w/ Salmonellosis? |
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Definition
| -very very very persistent in environment |
|
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Term
| What are some common risk factors of Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-colic
-transportation
0abx therapy: flora changes
-feed changes: flora changes |
|
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Term
| What is the most commonly recognized clinical syndrome of Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-fever
-leukopenia
-colic
-proximal enteritis
-endotoxemia
-acute profuse diarrhea
-dehydration
-depression
-shock |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-fecal culture: watery samples usually negative
-5 serial cultures
-PCR GI pathogen panels |
|
|
Term
| What is the seasonality of small colon impaction? CS? |
|
Definition
-winter
-colic, straining to defecate, mucosal irritation, small volume diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of chronic diarreha? Causes? |
|
Definition
-older horses
-GI neoplasia, dental issues, etc |
|
|
Term
| Who usually gets septicemia w/ Salmonellosis? How does this alter prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of septicemia in foals due ot Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-fever, naorexia
-colic
+/- gastric reflux
-andotoxemia
-reduced/absent GI sounds
-dehydration
-duration of diarrhea may be dd to ww |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on labs w/ septicemia in foals due to Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-leukopenia, neutropenia, left shit
-lymphopenia
-hemoconcentration
-thrombocytopenia w/ DIC
-azotemia: prerenal or renal
-inc GGT, SDH
-dec Na, CL, K, Ca
-dec protein, dec albumin
-metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| How does DIC alter Salmonellosis prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common complicates that occur w/ salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-laminitis
-acute renal failure
-thrombosis/phlebitis
-ventral edema
-chronic malabsorption
-pulmonary or disseminated Aspergillosis
-GI infarction |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-replace fluid & electrolyte lossis
-prevention/tx of endotoxemia: antiserum, polymixin B, NSAIDs, AC, DMSO, pentoxyfylline
-bismuth subsalicylate
-biopsonge
-abx = Metronidazole
-colloids for hypoproteinemia
-PPN or TPN for anorexia
-monitor for signs of laminitis |
|
|
Term
| How do we control & prevent Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-ID src of infection
-isolate infected animals
-control transmission by implements, humans, animals
-cleaning & disinfection of contaminated areas
-environmental monitoring |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-guarded
-tx is expensive |
|
|
Term
| What are some poor prognostic indicators of Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-degenerative left shift
-severe hypoproteinemia
-prolonged diarrhea
-severe laminitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of diarrhea in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind clostridial enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
-C. perfringens types A-E
-C. difficile in adults & foals |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostics must we use to dx C. perfringens? Why? |
|
Definition
-CPE ELISA assay
-b/c normal inhabitant of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of microflora alterations that can predispose to C. perfringens diarrhea? |
|
Definition
-feed change
-tranpsortation
-hospitalization
-ANTIBIOTIC ADMIN
-GI dz |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Clostridium perfringens? |
|
Definition
-large volumes of fluids & electrolytes
-hyperimmune serum: for endotoxemia
-Biospone: absorbs clostridial toxins
-bismuth subsalicylate or AC
-Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| How do we work to control & prevent Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-ID src of infection if possible
-isolate infected animals
-control transmission by implements, humans, animals
-cleaning & disinfection of contaminated areas
-environmental monitoring |
|
|
Term
| Describe the prognosis of Salmonellosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some poor prognostic indicators for Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
-degenerative left shift
-severe hypoproteinemia
-prolonged diarrhea
-severe laminitis |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of alterations in microflora of large intestine/cecum? |
|
Definition
-feed change
-transportation
-hospitalization
-abx administration
-GI dz |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of Clostridial dz in horses? |
|
Definition
-severe diarrhea
-colic
-severe dehydration
-abdominal distention COLIC common
-circulatory SHOCK |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on labs w/ Clostridial dz? |
|
Definition
-marked hemoconcentration, leukopenia, neutropenia
-dropping total serum protein
-dec Na, Cl, K, Ca
-metabolic acidosis
-DIC common
-hepatocellular enzymes often elevated |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Clostridium perfringens? |
|
Definition
-immediate aggressive tx
-large volume IV fluids & electrolytes
0bilateral catheters
-fluids
-Hyperimmune serum: tx endotoxemia
-Biosponge
-Bismuth subsalicylate r AC
-Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of Clostridum perfringens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we see on necropy w/ Clostridium perfringens? |
|
Definition
-abundance of large, gram-pos rods on smear of mucosal surfaces
-demonstration of organism on histopath of intestinal wall
-necrotizing enterocolitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of acute colitis seen here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some risk factors for Clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we need to demonstrate Clostridium difficile as the definitive cause of diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
-metronidazole
-Resistant strains may be susceptible to Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| What causes Potomac Horse Fever? |
|
Definition
| -Ehrlichia risticii (obligate intracellular parasite) in peripheral blood monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of Potomac Horse Fever? |
|
Definition
-fever
-anorexia
-depression
-mild colic
-severe diarrhea
-hypoproteinemia
-laminitis very common |
|
|
Term
| How is Potomac Horse Fever transmitted? |
|
Definition
-serologically confirmed in most states
-proximity to river (w/in 5 mi)
-trematodes
-aquatic snails & insects
-carrier = Mayfly |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose Potomac Horse Fever? |
|
Definition
-paired titers
-may seroconvert by the time of CS
-whole blood PCR
-fecal PCR |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Potomac Horse Fever? |
|
Definition
-supportive care
-specific abx: Oxytet, TMS |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent Potomac Horse Fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some abx cause abx assoc diarrhea? |
|
Definition
-TMS
-Ceftiofur
-Penicillin
-Oxytet
-Erythromycin
-Baytril |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of abx-assoc diarrhea. |
|
Definition
-bacterial flora disrupted
-competition for mucosal binding
-selection of pathogenic resistant strains
-normal inhabitants produce short chain fatty acids, metabolites, and bacteriocins
-altered carb megabolism
-motility modification |
|
|
Term
| What is the major sign of cyathostomiasis? How do we treat it? |
|
Definition
-hypoproteinemia
-tx: Tenbendazole, Moxydectin |
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