Term
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Definition
| An individual's characteristics patter of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud) |
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Definition
• Patients suffering from "nervous" disorders
• Complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes
Clinical experience --> development of first comprehensive theory of personality |
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Term
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Definition
• Unconscious mind
• Psychosexual stages
• Defense mechanisms
• Influence of early experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory of personality & therapy based on it |
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Term
| Exploring the Unconscious |
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Definition
Free association
Saying whatever comes to mind, Freud looks for patterns
Dream analysis
The royal road to the unconscious, the underlying concepts |
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Term
| Structure of the Mind (Iceberg) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego) |
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Term
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Definition
• Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
• Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
• Born with this, unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| • Provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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Term
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Definition
• Functions as the "executive"
• Mediates the demands of the id and superego
• Defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
• Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict
• "stuck" in stage relevant personality traits and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| • Personality is formed during the first few years of life: psychosexual stages |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages (Concepts) |
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Definition
Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of a child
The id's pleasure seeking energies focus on please sensitive body areas called erogenous zones |
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Term
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Definition
First stage, first year
• Mouth - erogenous zone
• Weaning is primary conflict |
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Term
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Definition
1-3 years, ego develops
• Toilet training conflict
• Expulsive (messy) vs. retentive (organized) personalities |
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Term
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Definition
3-6 years, superego develops
• Sexual feelings
• Oedipus complex
• Electra complex
• Identification |
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Term
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Definition
| A boy's sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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Term
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Definition
| A girl's desire for her father is called the Electra complex |
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Term
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Definition
○ Cope with threatening feelings by repressing them & identifying with the rival parent
○ Superego gains strength that incorporates their parents' values |
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Term
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Definition
6 - puberty
• Sexual feelings repressed
• Same-sex play
• Social skills |
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Term
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Definition
Puberty
• Sexual feelings consciously expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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Term
| Types of Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Regression |
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Term
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Definition
• Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
• Retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Disguise own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions |
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Term
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Definition
Causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulse into their opposites
• People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
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Term
| Modern Psychoanalytic Theory |
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Definition
Current research has found support for…
• Defense mechanisms
• Concept of unconscious mind & influence on conscious behavior |
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Term
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Definition
• Disagreed with sexual concepts
• Directed toward mid-life, unlike adolescence
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes |
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Term
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Definition
| Common reservoir of images derived from our species' past |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective, universal memories |
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Term
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Definition
• Like Freud, believed in childhood tensions
• Social, not sexual in nature
• A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power |
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Term
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Definition
• Also believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development
• "basic anxiety"
• Countered Freud's assumption that women have weak superegos & suffer from "penis envy" |
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Term
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Definition
| • Social relationships across the lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
Define personality as
• Social cognitive theorists
○ Emphasize importance of others' behaviors & own expectations
• Learning via anticipation judgment, memory, & imitation |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Perspective |
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Definition
Result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context
Includes anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation |
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Term
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Definition
Perception of one's competence in certain circumstances
• Ex. Study hard, do well |
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Term
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Definition
Focuses on traits that make people uniquely human
• Reaction against negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism |
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Term
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Definition
By the 1960s psychologists become discontent with Freud's negativity and the mechanistic psychology of the behaviorists
• Abraham Maslow
• Carl Rogers |
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Term
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Definition
Self Actualization Tendency
Sense of self
Real self
Ideal self |
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Term
| Self Actualization Tendency |
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Definition
| Striving to fulfill innate capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflected in words & actions of important people in one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| One's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| What one should or would like to be |
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Term
| Rogers: Growth and Fulfillment |
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Definition
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Genuineness
• Empathy
• Self esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| Warmth, affection, love, and respect |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| Positive regard given without conditions |
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Term
| Conditional positive regard |
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Definition
| Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish |
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Term
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Definition
Match = Harmony
Mismatch = Anxiety |
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Term
| Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
Being Needs
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Belonging Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Deficit Needs |
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Term
| Trait Theories of Personality |
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Definition
Trait theories
Trait
Allport
Cattell
Surface traits
Source traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe characteristics for purpose of prediction |
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Term
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Definition
| A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving |
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Term
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Definition
| Listed 200 traits believed to be part of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 |
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Term
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Definition
| Outward actions of a person |
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Term
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Definition
More basic traits forming core of personality
Ex. Introversion is a source trait in which people withdraw |
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Term
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Definition
Open ----- Closed
Conscientious ----- Undirected
Extraverted ----- Introverted
Agreeable ----- Disagreeable
Neurotic ----- Stable |
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Term
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Definition
Study of heredity and personality
Ex. Selective breeding of animals leading to predictable temperaments |
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Term
| Identical twins had high correlation of scores compared to fraternal |
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Definition
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience |
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Term
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Definition
• Some cross-cultural support for five-factor model
• Trait-situation interaction |
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Term
| Trait-situation interaction |
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Definition
| Specific circumstances influence trait expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Professional asks questions of client: structured or unstructured |
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Term
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Definition
• Evaluate personality from an unconscious mind's perspective
• Reveal hidden unconscious material |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Henry Murray |
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Definition
| Wife leaving room crying with husband in bed, what happened? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Projective Tests: Criticisms |
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Definition
Critics argue projective tests lack:
• Reliability - consistency of results
• Validity - predicting what it is supposed to do |
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Term
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Definition
Direct observation
Professional observes client; clinical or natural setting
• Rating scale - numeric value assigned to specific behavior
• Frequency count - frequency of behaviors is counted
Observer effects - bias and lack of control |
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Term
| Assessing the Self: Rogers |
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Definition
Asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real)
If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive sense of self-concept |
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Term
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Definition
| Questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once |
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Term
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Definition
• NEO-PI - based on 5 factor model
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - based on Jung's theory of personality types
• MMPI-2 - designed to detect abnormal personality |
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Term
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Definition
Personality types, assessed by measures like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, consist of a number of traits
Ex. A feeling type personality is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
• Most widely researched & clinically used of all personality tests
• Originally developed to identify emotional disorders
• Developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups |
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Term
| Personality Tests and Internet |
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Definition
• There are numerous personality tests available online
• Not all equal in quality, reliability, or validity
• Lack of professional interpretation of the results of such tests |
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Term
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Definition
| Retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage |
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