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Exam 4 SG
final SG
77
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/02/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
How do we define abnormality
Definition
One way to define normal and abnormal is to use a statistical definition. Frequently occurring behavior would be considered normal, and behavior that is rare would be abnormal. There are several ways to approach the word…. Average– people can deviate from the average and not be considered sick or mentally ill. Ideal– it difficult to agree on what ideal actually is. Personal discomfort– some who suffer from mental illness do not feel personal discomfort. Functioning– funcitoning in day-to-day life. Legal– sanity is a legal but not psychological term and varies across jurisdiciotns
Term
Is “insanity” a psychological term?
Definition
sanity is a legal but not psychological term and varies across jurisdiciotns
Term
Do suicide bombers have psychological disorders? What motivates them to commit such an act?
Definition
No, their culture teaches them that it is showing loyalty to their religion. / Religious groups whose leaders constantly seek to inspire potential bombers
Term
What system do psychologists use to classify psychological disorders?
Definition
DSM
Term
1. Axis I:
Definition
Clinical Disorders- These include all categories of MI except the 2 that are reserved for Axis 2
Term
2. Axis II:
Definition
Personality & retardation- personality d/o and MR are listed because these categories are enduring and are believed to last a lifetime
Term
3. Axis III
Definition
: General Medical- is used to list any medical conditions believed to be related to mental illness.
Term
4. Axis IV
Definition
Psychosocial & Environment- the psychologist lists life stressors that might contribute to or decrease the recovery rate from MI
Term
5. Axis V
Definition
Global Function- is for the GAF score, which is based on a scale of 1-100 and is based on overall functionin
Term
What are some criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR?
Definition
labeled mental illness is necessary for insurance purposes to receive treatment, but the stigma of the labels can be detrimental for individuals. Self-fulfilling prophesy. Social stigma attached to labels, Stereotypes, Discrimination
Term
Rosenhan’s 1973
Definition
patients omitted to hospital for "hearing voices" and are told they must stay for longer than expected
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
The eating disorder, anorexia, in which individuals starve themselves to become thin, is typically found only in Western cultures such as the United States and Great Britain. There is some evidence that the incidence rates in other non-Western cultures are changing as exposure to Western culture through the media increases
Term
Koro-
Definition
Found primarily in China and a few other South Asian and East Asian countries, koro involves a fear that one’s genitals are shrinking
Term
Anxiety Disorders:
Definition
occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functions
Term
Phobic Disorder
Definition
irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
- Anxiety disorder that takes the form of a panic attack lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours
Term
Generalized Anxiety
Definition
of a long term, persistent anxiety and worry
Term
OCD
Definition
disorder characterized by obsessions or compulsions
Term
Obsession
Definition
persistent, unwanted, THOUGHT or idea that keeps reoccurring
Term
Compulsion
Definition
- an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out an act that seems strange and unreasonable.
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but for which there is no medical cause
Term
Hypochondriasis-
Definition
a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and preoccupation with their health
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
a major disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg
Term
Dissociative Disorders-
Definition
psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a persons personality that are normally integrated
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Definition
)- a disorder in which a person displays charicteristics of two or more distinct personalities
Term
Dissociative amnesia
Definition
a disorder in which a significant, selectively memory loss occurs.
Term
Dissociative fugue
Definition
- A form of amniseia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
Disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on every day living
Term
Major Depression
Definition
a severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability
Term
Are there any differences in who develops depression? (Men v. women, young v. old?)
Definition
women are more likely to experience depression and increasingly younger ages are experiencing depression
Term
-Are depression rates increasing or decreasing?
Definition
Increasing 3x in some countries
Term
Mania
Definition
An extended state of intense, wild elation
Term
Bipolar
Definition
a disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression
Term
Disorganized Schiz
Definition
inappropriate laughter and giggling, silliness, incoherent speech, infantile behavior, strange and sometimes obscene behavior
Term
Paranoid Schiz
Definition
delusions and hallucinations of persecution or of greatness, loss of judgment, erratic and unpredictable behavior.
Term
Catatonic schiz
Definition
- Major disturbances in movement; in some phases, loss of all motion with patient frozen into a single position, remaining that way for hours and sometimes even days; in other phases, hyperactivity and wild, sometimes violent movement
Term
Undifferentiated schiz
Definition
variable mixture of major symptoms of schizophrenia; classification used for patients who cannot be typed into any of the more specific categories
Term
Delusions
Definition
unshakeable, false beliefs
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
seeing or hearing things that don’t exist
Term
Personality Disorders --
Definition
persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
shows no regard for moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others
Lacks guilt or anxiety about their wrongdoing
Impulsive
Manipulative
Begins to break social norms as a child
As a teen à lying, stealing, hurting animals and people...
Often show no remorse.
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
moody, unstable, unclear sense of identity, clings to others
Very impulsive– especially in behaviors involving self harm such as substance abuse, cutting, & suicide
Major fear of abandonment
Frantically attempts to prevent any abandonment
Term
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition
Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance. Expect special treatment from others , Inability to experience empathy for others
Term
Understand the psychodynamic (Freudian) approach
Definition
Therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively
Term
do psychodynamic psychologists believe is the root cause of disorders?
Definition
Unconscious Motives
Term
Free Association
Definition
a technique that tells patients to say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of irrelevance or senselessness then the analyst attempts to label connections between unconscious conflicts and problems.
Term
Dream Interpretation
Definition
- examines dreams to find clues to unconscious conflicts and problems.
Term
Transference
Definition
is the transfer to a psychoanalysts feeling of love or anger that had been originally directed to patients parents or authority figures
Term
How does contemporary psychodynamic therapy differ from traditional psychoanalysis?
Definition
It is much shorter lasting the months or 20 sessions and focuses on past history and childhood.
Term
behavioral approaches to therapy
Definition
Treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning such as reinforcement and extinction. Assume behaviors that are normal and abnormal are learned
Term
What do behavioral psychologists believe is the root cause of disorders?
Definition
Behavior
Term
Adverse Conditioning
Definition
a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by paring an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
a behavior technique in which gradual exposure to anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety
Term
Behavior treatments
Definition
- a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually with a stimulus they fear
Term
Token systems
Definition
rewards a person for desired behavior with a token such as a poker chip or some kind of play money.
Term
Contingency contracting
Definition
the therapist and client draw up a written agreement. Contract states a series of behavior goals the client hopes to achieve.
Term
Cognitive approach to therapy
Definition
Treatment that teaches people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves
Term
do cognitive psychologists believe is the root cause of disorders?
Definition
Ideological thoughts and beliefs
Term
persuasion
Definition
The process of changing attitudes, one of the social concepts of psychology
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts
Term
(Festinger & Carlsmith)
Definition
offered 1$ to describe a boring task as interesting while other were paid 20$
Term
Central route processing
Definition
Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. Logic, Merit, and strength of argument
Term
Peripheral Route processing
Definition
Message interpertaion characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than the message itself
Term
One-sided messages
Definition
given the arguments for the other side can be effectively refuted and the audience is knowledgeable about the topic
Term
Two sided messages
Definition
includes both the communicators position and one he or she is arguing against
Term
situational causes
Definition
causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors.
Term
dispositional causes
Definition
perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors.
Term
fundamental attribution theory
Definition
figuring out why a person behaves the way he or she does, Based on samples of an individual’s behavior
Term
Halo effect
Definition
First impression is good; therefore you think the person is uniformly good
Term
conformity
Definition
a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
Term
Solomon Aschs 1951 expiriment
Definition
n a control group, with no pressure to conform to an erroneous view, only one subject out of 35 ever gave an incorrect answer. Solomon Asch hypothesized that the majority of people would not conform to something obviously wrong; however, when surrounded by individuals all voicing an incorrect answer, participants provided incorrect responses on a high proportion of the questions (32%). Seventy-five percent of the participants gave an incorrect answer to at least one question.
Term
Groupthink
Definition
A type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view.
Term
obedience
Definition
a change in behavior in response to the command of others.
Term
Stanley Milgram
Definition
experiment that tested weather or not people would press the button to shock the patient
Term
Altruism
Definition
Helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self- sacrifice.
Term
diffusion of responsibility
Definition
The tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared or diffused , among those present
Term
What happened to Kitty Genovese? Why?
Definition
Genovese got stabbed and screamed for help and nobody offered help even the 40 people in her apartment complex. The that that there were so many helpers lead to each individual to feel diminished personal responsibility
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