Term
Describe the Abdominal Regions
9 segments |
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Definition
R Hypochondriac Epigastric L Hypo
R Lateral Umbilical L Lateral
R Inguinal Pelvic L Inguinal |
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Term
| Describe the Abdominal Quadrants |
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Definition
RUQ- Liver, Gall bladder, R Kidney, Duodenum
LUQ- Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, L Kidney, Jejunum
RLQ- Appendix, Reproductive (ovary, Falops, uterus, sperm cord)
LLQ- descending, sigmoid colon |
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Term
| Describe the layering of the abdominal wall |
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Definition
1. Skin
2. Hypodermis - subQ fat
3. Muscles- 3 layers with intervening fascia
a. external oblique b. internal c. transversus abdominus
4. Extra-peritoneal fat
5. Parietal peritoneum |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the anterolateral wall |
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Definition
Flat
1. external- inferiomedially
Origin: ribs 5-12 Insertion: Linea alba
2. internal- superiomedially
Origin: iliac crest/back fascia Insertion: Linea alba
3. transversus abdominus- transversely
Origin: back fascia/inside of lower ribs Insertion: Linea alba
Vertical
1. Rectus abdominus- 8 sections
Origin: pubic crest Insertion: xiphoid process
2. Pyrimidalis (under rectus toward pelvis) |
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Term
| Describe the Rectus Sheath |
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Definition
Formed by merger of aponeuroses of flat muscles
-inferior border forms inguinal ligament
-inguinal canal pierces canal |
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Term
| Describe Protuberance of the Abdomen |
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Definition
Starving children have low BCOP so water moves out and into the peritoneal cavity
-ascites |
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Term
Describe the Structure of the Testes
1. Spermatic Cord
2. Cremaster muscle
3. Tunica vaginalis
4. Testicular arteries |
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Definition
1. Contains vas deferens, nerves, blood and lymph vessels
-runs through inguinal canal
2. striated muscle surrounding testes
-controls temperature with Dartos (smooth muscle)
3. pinched off portion of peritoneum that surrounds testes
4. leave aorta below renal arteries
-testes drain back up to chyle cistern but scrotum drains into inguinal lymph nodes |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Direct Hernia
2. Indirect Hernia
3. Spermatocele
4. Hydrocele of testis
5. Hematocele |
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Definition
1. intestine passes into canal and lateral to cord
2. intestine passes into canal and inside cord
-carries to scrotum
3. fluid in the epidydimis
4. fluid in the scrotum
5. blood in tunica vaginalis from rupture artery |
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Term
Describe the Peritoneum
1. Structure
2. Cavities |
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Definition
1. Mesothelium that lines the abdominal cavity
-technically organs not "inside" but wrapped tightly
-kept moist with peritoneal fluid to reduce friction
-closed in males but open in females
2. a. supracolic- in front of lesser and greater momentum
b. omental- behind lesser and above transverse mesocolon
c. infracolic- behind colon and greater momentum |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Omentum
2. Mesentery
3. Mesocolon |
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Definition
1. Greater- hangs down over intestines, attaches stomach to colon
Lesser- attaches stomach to liver
2. keeps SI together and provides vasculature
3. keeps LI together |
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Term
Describe the Arterial and Venous Supply of the GI tract
Arteries
1. Celiac
2. Superior Mesenteric
3. Inferior Mesenteric
Veins |
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Definition
1. left gastric, splenic, R phrenic, common hepatic
-common hepatic: right gastric, L phrenic, duodenal
2. ascending and small intestine
3. transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum
Veins
-all drain into hepatic portal vein |
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Term
Describe the Esophagus
1. Muscle
2. Diaphragm passage
3. Stomach connection |
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Definition
1. striated superior 1/3 and smooth inferior 1/3
2. passes through diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
3. tissue changes at Z line inferior to sphincter |
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Term
Describe the small intestine:
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum/Ileum
3. Jejunum
4. Ileum |
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Definition
1. superior-descending-inferior-ascending
-receives secretions from gall bladder, stomach, pancreas
-Brunner's glands: secrete alkaline
2. mesentery supports jejunum/ileum, provides route for vessels, nerves, lymph
-folds inside the tube called plicae
3. enzymatic digestion and absorption
-more plicae and villi
4. absorption
-more Peyer's Patches |
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Term
Describe the large intestine
1. Function
2. Omental appendices
3. Haustra
4. Tenia coli
5. Arterial supply |
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Definition
1. absorb water and some vitamins
2. small sacs on colon
3. segments
4. long smooth muscles that run down center of colon
5. Superior- right side (ascending, cecum)
Inferior- left side (descending, sigmoid) |
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Term
| Describe esophageal varices |
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Definition
blood flowing to hepatic portal system can flow to esophageal vein
-when there is hepatic hypertension, blood will divert to the esophagus |
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Term
Describe the following organs:
1. Spleen
2. Pancreas |
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Definition
1. filters blood and stores iron
-splenic artery branches into 5
2. retroperitoneal, elongated exo/endocrine gland
exo: secrete into duodenal papilla
endo: secrete insulin/glucagon into blood
-supplied by splenic and hepatic artery |
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Term
Describe the Liver
1. Surface covering
2. Division |
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Definition
1. superior in subphrenic recess
bare in the front
inferior covered with visceral peritoneum
2. Anterior: Falciform ligament divides into right and left lobe
-on back, caudate is superior to quadrate lobe
Posterior: lesser omentum
Functional: bifurcation of portal triad (bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery)
-Right and Left lobes and small caudate have own arterial and venous supply |
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Term
Describe the following regarding the Gall bladder:
1. Position
2. Ducts
3. Blockage |
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Definition
1. GB is anterior to duodenum and cystic duct is posterior
2. cystic duct comes out of gall bladder
-hepatic ducts form common hepatic duct
-both form bile duct
3. pancreatic duct merges with bile duct, so if gall stone is present it can back up gall bladder and pancreas |
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Term
Describe the Hepatic Portal System
1. Formation
2. Anastomoses |
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Definition
1. splenic vein, superior and inferior mesenteric vein
2. Portal-caval anastomoses communicate with systemic venous system
-occlusion or hypertension causes flow to change |
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Term
Describe the Kidneys
1. Function
2. Placement
3. Structure
a. Hilum
b. Pelvis
c. Calices
d. Pyramids |
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Definition
1. filter blood
2. retroperitoneal
-fat and fascia attach them to posterior wall and diaphragm
-protected by ribs 11-12 and muscles
3. a. vein-artery-pelvis
b. receives urine from 2-3 major calicoes
c. minor flow into major from renal papilla (apex of pyramid)
d. contain nephrons (form lobe with cortex and columns) |
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Term
Describe the Adrenal Glands
1. Cortex
2. Medulla |
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Definition
1. glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
2. epi and nor epi
-innervated |
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Term
Describe Vasculature and Innervation of:
1. Kidneys
2. Adrenal Glands |
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Definition
1. R renal artery is longer and L renal vein is longer and anterior
-L renal vein receives L gonadal vein and L adrenal vein
-renal arteries divide into 5 segments at hilum
Innervation: sup mesenteric ganglion
2. many arteries but one adrenal vein
Innervation: Cortex- celiac ganglion
Medulla- pass directly in without synapse |
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Term
| Describe Nephroptosis, Kidney Transplant, Renal Entrapment |
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Definition
Nephroptosis: kidney drop
-only connected by fat and fascia, can drop in skinny women
-can pinch ureter/blood vessels
Transplant: must be placed in iliac fossa
-renal artery and vein connected to iliac vessels
Renal Entrapment: renal vein goes in between the super mesenteric artery and aorta
-can be pinched off and cause excess protein, blood in urine, vomiting by squeezing duodenum |
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Term
| Describe the openings of the diaphragm |
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Definition
1. Caval opening- pierces central tendon; vena cava
2. Esophageal hiatus
3. Aortic hiatus |
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Term
Describe the Posterior Abdominal Wall
1. Fascia
2. Muscles |
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Definition
1. Thoracolumbar fascia covers back as aponeuroses
2. Psoas major and minor start at lower spine and move down to hip
-iliacus starts at iliac crest and connects at hip
-quadratus lumborum attaches at iliac crest and moves up (inspiration) |
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Term
| Describe the branches of the abdominal aorta |
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Definition
1. Phrenic- both sides; diaphragm
2. Celiac- anterior; Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas
3. Adrenal- both sides
4. Superior mesenteric- anterior; right side intestines
5. Renal- both sides; kidneys
6. Gonadal- both sides; testes or ovaries
7. Inferior mesenteric- anterior; left side intestines
8. Median sacral- posterior
9. Iliac-Femoral |
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