Green Alga

also part of kingdom Plantae

green plants, closest relatives to land plants

don't have multicellular haploid and diploid stages

antheridium, oogonium, crown of cells

ex) presence of multicellular sporophyte

Land plants are monophyletic

Lack of WATER!

potentially damaging UV light

extreme temperatures

No buoyancy: gaseous enviornment doesn't support plant tissue

Unfiltered sunlight from water and plankton

Abundant CO2

Nutrient Rich Soil

Few herbivores or pathogens

no vascular tissue for transport within bodies, smaller, gotta be in H20 Environment

Bryophyta (Mosses), Division Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Vascular Plants

(seedless)

vascular tissue used for H20 & nutrient transport, more independent

Lycophyta (club mosses), Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

Vascular Plants 

Seed

Vascular tissue used for H20 & nutrient transport, xylem & phloem, more independent

Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Evolution of Land Plants

Water Requirement

Nonvascular..Vascular(Seedless)..Vascular(Seed),Angiosperms

Higher H20 requirement ..Lower

Evolution of Land Plants

Cuticle Stuff

Nonvascular...Vascular (Seedless)...Vascular(Seed)

No Cuticle ----> Cuticle

Phloem = Transport of Nutrients

Xylem = trasnport of H2O

Cross section of ferns show vascular bundle

specialized tissue that transports H2O and minerals (xylem) and sugar rich sap (phloem) roots & shoots

Embryo Stage in life cycle

Multicellular Sporophyte (2N - Diploid)

Cuticle (thin waxy layer covering epidermis -- NOT chitin)

Multicellular reproductive structures: Antheridia (sperm), archegonia (egg), sporangia ("spore bearing")

Nonvascular Plants

"Bryophytes"

Lack Xylem, Phloem, Roots, True Leaves

1N Gametophyte (Predominant in life cycle, larger, live longer)

Liverworts (9000 living species)

Hornworts (100 living species)

Mosses (1500 living species)

Pioneer Plants

Reduces Erosion by forming thick carpet

act like sponge by RETAINING and RELEASING water

provide habitats for small animals & microorgansims

lack cuticle/transport tissue & readily absorb air therefore BIOINDICATORS

make up bryophyte plants (nonvascular)

one celled thick filaments

haploid (1N) growing from spores 

large surface area enhances absorption of H2O & minerals 

Liverworts

(Nonvascular)

Thalloid -- flattened shape -- looks like a liver

--Hepatophyta (phylum)

--form huge mats along rivers, streams (extremely prolific)

--sexual reproduction (requires H2O medium for sexual reproduction)

Liverwort Asexual Reproduction

Gemmae Cups 

gemmae cups = HAPLOID! :]

Gemmae = small disc shaped propagules produced in the base of cups

Gemmae splash out of cups by rain

Each gemma can develop directly in new gametophyte thallus

Small, 2-20 mm wide

Gametophyte is dominant Life Cycle Stage

Sporophyte is short lived

Highly dependent on water-- close to wet ground 

dominated by haploid gametophyte

2N sporophyte

may look bluegreen becasue of CYANOBACTERIA (may produce neurotoxic amino acids and fix N2)

Nonvascular (Bryophyta)

Gametophytes grow more vertically than liverworts or hornworts

Evolution of Land Plants

Water Requirement

Nonvascular..VascularSeedless..VascularSeed

Higher Water requirement-->lower water requirement

Evolution of Land Plants

Gametophyte size

Nonvascular..VascularSeedless..VascularSeed

Relatively Large Gametophytes..Microscopic

Gametophyte

-Bryophyte

-Seedless Vascular

-Seed

Bryophytes -- Dominant

Seedless Vascular -- Reduced, indepedent (photosynthetic, and free-living)

Seed Vascular -- Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

Bryophytes

Seedless Vascular

Seed

Sporophyte

Bryophytes -- Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

Seedless Vascular -- Dominant 

Seed Vascular -- Dominant

Comparison of Vascular, Seedless, Gymnosperm, and Angiosperm plants

Gametophyte Small

Vascular Seedless (Fern) : small

Gymnosperm: multicellular (pollen grain)

Angiosperm ( 7 cells F 3 cells M)

Comparisons of Vascular Seedless, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm Plants

Gametophyte Form 

Vascular Seedless -- Fern

Gymnosperm -- Attached to Parent Plant

Angiosperm -- attached to Parent Plant

Comparisons of Vascular Seedless, Gymnosperm, and Angiosperm Plants

Embryo protection

Vascular Seedless (Fern) -- Embryo not protected by hard seed coat

Gymnosperm -- embryo protected by hard seed coat

Angiosperm -- embryo protected by hard seed coat and ovary wall

Comparisons of Vascular Seedless, Gymnosperm, and Angiosperm Plants

Male Gametes

vascular seedless (fern) : flagellated male gametes

gymnosperm: mostly unflagellated male gametes

angiosperm: unflagellated male gametes

vascular seedless plants do not have covering

in seed plants, megasporangium or nucellus is surrounded by additional protective layers ( the integument alone in gymnosperms and one or more integuments and the carpel wall in the angiosperms)

one of three tissue types (also dermal, ground)

continuous throughout the plant but is arranged differently in each structure

Seedlesss Vascular Plants

Lycophytes

Lycophytes: Club mosses (400 mya)

-1250 living species 

- sexual/asexual reproduction

-Carboniferous Period (400 mya)

-many have gone extinct (at one point, earth dominated by these plants)

Pteridophytes

Seedless Vascular

ferns and fern allies

360 - 400 mya

12,000 living species

sexual or asexual reproduction

Vascular

Stems, roots, leaves

Sporophyte Dominant

Up to 2 Cm tall

Strobili: cone like sprophylls (modified leaves that produce spores)

dominated by lycophytes -- giant woody trees

-extinct after Carboniferous

-most large trees with staright trunks are lycophytes

lycophytes are source of coal and oil frome earth's reserves

Ferns

(seedless vascular)

Up to 20 m tall

Fronds have spores

Sporophyte dominant stage in life cycle

Spores on underside of fronds

Fronds unfurl - "fiddleheads"

"Fern allies"

up to 8 m tall

Dominated by seedless vascular plants

-Lycophytes, Ferns, horsetails

Photosynthesis removed CO2, increased o2

global cooling

widespread glacier formation

formation of coal deposits

burning of coal now causes global warming

> 270 species

Favored with drying of earth

Sexual Reproduction

Monoecious (conifers) or Dioecious (all others)

naked seeds (lack ovary cover)

sporophyte (gametophyte within tissue of tree)

(120 - 130 mya)

> 250,000 living species

sexual reproduction

monocot vs. dicot

seed plants (naked seed)

"gnetophytes"

typically desert adapted species (dry, xeric)

-thick cuticles

not producing flowers, no seeds with ovaries

have male cones that grow from the base upwards after photosynthesis

-have female cones in different plants

-big piles of dust fly from one to the other pollinating the male to the female

Monocot: one cotyledon, scattered vascular bundle, no flower parts in 3s, leif veins parallel

Dicot: two cotyledons, ringed vascular bundle, no. flower parts in 4s and 5s, leaf veins reticulate

A flower pollinated by honeybees

Flower-Pollinator Relationships

Flower-Pollinator Relationships

A flower pollinated by hummingbirds

Flower-Pollinator Relationships

A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals

Sheep Skull: long teeth to avoid wearing down when eating "tough plants"

Grasses: concentrate silicates and have high concentrations of structural carbs to deter herbivory--Silica VERY tough

1. Animals are Diploid (2n)

2. Animals are all multicellular

3. Animals are all chemoheterotrophs (obtain nutrition from consuming other organisms)

4. Animals develop from a blastula (except sponges)

embryo that results from cleaveage of zygote

a sphere of cells surround a liquid filled cavity (blastocoel)

unique to animals 

Evolution of Animalia--animals evolved from choanoflagellates (a sessile chitin producing PROTIST)

about 565 mya

Trends in Early Evolution of Animals

BODY SYMMETRY

none, radial, bilateral

asymmetric are sessile, radial are semi sessile, bilateral are highly mobile

0 embryonic tissue, 2, 3

Protostome vs. Dueterostome 

Embryonic Development

Protostomes: mollusks, annelids, arthropods

Deuterostomes: echinoderms, chordates

protostomee: spiral, determinate cleavage

deuterostomes: radial, indeterminate cleavage

Protostomes: Schizocoelous: solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom

Deuterostomes: enterocoelous: forms of archenteron form coelom

Protostome: mouth develops from blastopore

Deuterostomes: anus develops from blastopore

565 - 525 mya

8 Major Phyla evolved

rapid evolution of diversification of body forms

adaptive radiation

all major body plans of animals exist in fossils 543 - 525 mya

lack symmetry

no tissues or organs

filter water with choanocytes

Radial Symmetry

Polyp and medusa body forms

NO internal skeleton (only support they get is they have a turgid body -- water pressure)

Body wall of cnidarian has 2 layers of cells: epidermis from ectoderm and inner gastrodermis from endoderm

Polyp (cylinder) medusa (umbrella)

-digestion begins with gastrovascular cavity and is completed inside food vacuoles

both have mouth/anus no real posterior

may have both forms or stay as polyp

Phylulm Cnidaria

Jellies

Medusa Adult form

may have earlier larval stage

some of them are huge

corlas

polyp form only

Phylum Ctinophora

(Comb Jellies)

"Combs" of cilia for propulsion in water

No polyp or medusa form

not extremely rapid swimmers

fat cylinder

radial symmetry

Lack a body cavity between digestive tract (from endoderm) and ectoderm (outer body wall)

no true body cavity (tract is hollow tube)

solid inside mesoderm (tissue filled region)

no specialized organs

ex) flatworms

Pseudocoelomates

ex) Nematodes

Body cavity partially lined by mesoderm tissue

muscle layer from mesoderm

body layer from ectoderm

digestive tract for endoderm

Coelomates

Annelids

body cavity fully lined by mesoderm tissue

coelom: body cavity completley lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

body covering from ectoderm

tissue layer lining coelom and suspending intenral organs: mesoderm

digestive tract lining: endoderm

Annelids

(coelomates)

gut derived from endoderm

muscles and organs derived from mesoderm

body wall derived from ectoderm

digestive tract with differentiation

have excretory tubes

nervous system: increased cephalization, increased ganglia in anterior end of organism

increased complexity of organ systems

(annelid/coelomates) 

segmented

have exoskeleton (chitin)

joined appendages

increased division of labor and body parts

ex) crustacea crabs

Lysate: extracted from copper based blood, used to test purity of medicines

Coagulogen: from blood; formgs gel like clot upon bacterial infection entrapping bacteria

shell: chemicals from the shell have been used to speed blood clotting and to make absorbable sutures

-over 1,100,000 species (75% of animal diversity)

-insects (>750,000)

-spiders (>40,000)

-centipedes (~3,000)

-crustaceans (~45,000)

-chelicerates (~75,000)

-Coelom

-Protosome development

-segmented bodies

-joined appendages

-chitinous exoskeleton

-air tubes (O2 pumped directly to cells)

-highly developed sensory organs

phylum arthropoda

book gills carry h2o to terrestrial edges and lay eggs while still breathing

75,000 species of chelicerata

sea spiders, scorpions, ticks, chiggers

-scorpions are terrestrial air breathing chelicerates

-coastal cali spend summer inland

-west of mexico travel via texas to NE of rockies

distances in summer/winter can be up to 3000 miles

(a) larva

(b) pupa

(c) later stage pupa

(d) emerging adult

(e) adult

internal anatomy of spiders (6 pairs of appendages)

mouth & anus

all types of glands

reproductive organs

malpighian tubes remove waste

subesophageal ganglion- neurological development

book lung

>750,000 species

more species than all other forms of life combined

live in almost every terrestrial and fresh H2o habitat

head, thorax, abdomen

3 pairs of legs, usually two pairs of wings

few live in marine ecosystems

sexual reproduction

secondary radial symmetry; appear to be radial but are actually bilateral

internal CaCO3 skeleton

water vascular system

deuterostome development

sea star larva (bilaterally symmetric)

echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes

cell cleavage (radial)

coelum formation (from digestive tube)

anus develops from structure called blastopore (opening of endoderm lined cavity)