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Definition
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Term
| Purpose of Somatic Tissue |
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Definition
| Growth, Maintenance, and Differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
Germ tissue
a. haploid makes diploid
b. diploid makes haploid
c. haploid makes diploid
d. diploid makes diploid |
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Definition
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Term
somatic tissue
a. haploid makes dilpoid
b. diploid makes haploid
c. diploid makes diploid
d. haploid makes haploid |
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Definition
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Term
| Single bodied chromosomes vs double bodied |
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Definition
| Single bodied is what normal chromosomes are, they are only double before division. double-bodied are exact copies of each other |
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Term
| elongate vs condensed chromosomes |
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Definition
| elongated are thin and long and not visible until prior to division the chromosomes condense |
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Definition
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Definition
| each body of double chromosomes |
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Definition
| where double bodied chromosomes connect |
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Term
| 3 major stages of Cell Cycle |
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Definition
| Interphase (G1, S, G2), Nuclear Division (PMAT) Cytokinesis (dividing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Cell activity, Trigggers prepares to divide |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis, DNA is replicated, double- bodied, takes 8-10 hours in human |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic preperation, proteins (mitotic spindle seperate the double-bodied chromos.) cell membrane and organelles form |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains chromosome number, is a clone, no randomness of distribution of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickening of Chromosomes become visible, breakdown of nuclear membrane, centrioles migrate, mitotic spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes at center of the cell, spindle fibers placed them there |
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Term
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Definition
| double-bodied chromosomes are pulled apart |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes at poles and elongated, muclear membrane forms, 2 identical nuclei, mitosis complete |
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Definition
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| what controls cell division |
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Definition
| cell density, hormonal controls, local growth factors (stimulate other cells to divide) |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled cell division, starve normal cells, mestastasis (spread) |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited, environmental (uv light, smoking, insulation, formaldehyde, dietary) |
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Term
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Definition
| surgery to remove masses, radiation destructive to DNA, chemotherapy prevents spindle fiber production, they all damage healthy cells |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual is good for an unchanging environment, sexual is good for a changing environment to keep from species dieing out |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces chromosome number, random distribution of chromosomes, |
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Term
| synapsis what is it and what phase |
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Definition
| Prophase 1, pairing up of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatids no longer identical |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic diversity and different nuclei produced |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes seperate 1 chromo/pair of poles |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of nuclear membrane, thickening of chromosomes, migration of centrioles, attachment of spindle fibers forming mitotic spindle, synapsis of homolog chromo (and crossing over) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes are pairs line-up across equatorial plane of cells, b/c of spindle fibers, set stage for ind. assort |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractrion of Spindle fibers, homolog chromosomes separate, one member of each pair migrates to each pole, chromosomes moving considered anaphase (indep assortment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes no longer moving, chromosomes become elongated, nuclear membrane develops around each set of chromo, cell has 2 haploid nuclei, chromosomes are still double-bodied, nuclei are haploid |
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Term
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Definition
| normal interphase g1, s, g2, chromosomes double bodied, cytoplasmic preparation, |
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Term
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Definition
g1 - chromosomes are double bodied - haploid
s - doesnt happen
G2 - Cytoplasmic preparation usual |
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Term
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Definition
| much like mitosis, difference is the cell has 2 haploid, single bodied nuclei. 4 Haploid cells after division in Cytokinesis I |
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Term
| Chromosomal Mutations, non-disjunction |
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Definition
| improper segregation, gametes with abnormal chromo#, still born, genetic disorders, downs syndrome, turners syndrome, pataus syndrome, trisomy XXX |
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Term
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Definition
| sterile, no mental effects |
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Term
| Prenatal tests ultra sound |
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Definition
| age, twins, spina bifida, heart and kidney problems, limb defects, no risk to pregnancy |
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Term
| prenatal tests Amniocentesis |
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Definition
| removes amniotic fluid ( fetal cells) analyzed for chemicals, look for chromosome disorder, perform at 14 weeks, 1/2% of early birth |
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Term
| prenatal tests Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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Definition
| cells harvest from chorion, karyotyped, perform at 9 weeks, 10 days for results risk of 1-2% of early pregnancy |
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Term
| 2 factors of traits of genes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the gene is there but it is not expressed, another word for recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| anaphase 1, one gene from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominant gene will always show over the recessive gene, dom expresses in the genotype over the recessive gene |
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Term
| principal of independent assortment |
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Definition
| assumes 9:3:3:1 or 3:1, inheritance of multiple traits, factors assort independently, Meiosos I randomness and variety |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are on the same chromosome, do not make a 3:1 ratio, results weird numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| that genes are on different chromosomes, dominance of certain genes, variety, 1 gene from each parents, |
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Term
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Definition
| red and white = pink the genes pretty much blend |
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Term
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Definition
| both genes are expressed, |
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Term
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Definition
| can have connections like a,b,o - can be seperate, but also together, ab, or a b |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 gene effects many traits, |
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Term
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Definition
| color blindness is on female X, |
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Definition
| many traits controlled by 1 pair of genes - ex. height, intelligence, hair color |
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Term
| abo immune response A makes anti |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| A B O, universal receiver |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Chromosomes become double bodied in |
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Definition
| S of interphase - synthesis DNA |
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Term
| at the end of meiosis I and cytokinesis I, results are |
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Definition
| haploid and have double-bodied chromosomes |
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Term
| human cell in G2 interphase II describe state of the chromosomes |
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Definition
| 23 double bodied chromosomes |
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Term
| Human somatic cell producing proteins that spindle fibers are composed of, new membranes and new organelles. What stage of cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what stage will chromatids of a double bodied chromosome be most likely to be genetically different? |
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Definition
| Metaphase I, this is after crossing over, they become different in prophase |
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Term
| T or F Somatic cells are diploid |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F Germ cells are diploid |
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Definition
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Term
| Gametes are hapoid t or F |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F Normal functional chromosomes are single-bodied |
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Definition
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Term
| t or F human chromosome number is superior to all other species |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F Mitosis results in the production of nuclei that have half the genetic information as the original nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| Most life of a cell is spent in the phase |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is replicated during which phase |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclear membrane is breaking down, the mitotic spindle is forming centrioles are migrating would be which stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes that have genes for the same traits are said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual reproduction promotes species survival is some species promoting |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F Asexual production is effective in a stable environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis reults in the production of nuclei that have half the genetic information as the original nucelus |
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Definition
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Term
| Synapsis and crossing over occur in phase |
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Definition
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Term
At the end of Meiosis I
haploid or diploid
genetically identical or different
double bodied or single bodied |
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Definition
| haploid, different, double- bodied |
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Term
At the end of Meiosis II the cells are
Haploid or Diploid
Genetically identical or different
single bodied or double |
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Definition
| haploid, different, and single |
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Term
non- disjunction in mothers eggs are due to improper functioning of
a. cilia
b golgi apparatus
c. spindle fibers
d. mitochondria
e. rough ER |
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Definition
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Term
Mendel established that Genes are
discrete or blend |
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Definition
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Term
mendel established how many factors
2 or infinite |
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Definition
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Term
| mendel established if traits differ that both will express or one factor will express |
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Definition
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Term
| mendel established during formation of gametes factors blend or segregate |
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Definition
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Term
| mendel established the inheritance of 1 pair of factors is dependent or independent of inheritence of others? |
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Definition
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Term
| if two forms of genes present are different, the individual is homo or hetero |
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Definition
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